① Ukuhlolwa kwe-Tensile: linganisa ingcindezi nokuguquguquka, thola amandla (YS, TS) kanye nenkomba yepulasitiki (A, Z) yengxenye yepayipi lesibonelo le-Longitudinal ne-transverse, i-arc, isampula esiyindilinga (¢10,¢12.5) Ubuncane bobubanzi obuncane -amapayipi ensimbi anezindonga, amapayipi ensimbi anobubanzi obukhulu anodonga olukhulu, kanye ...
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