Izidingo zekhwalithi zamapayipi ensimbi yensimbi: 1. Ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali Izidingo zibekwe phambili mayelana nokuqukethwe kwezakhi zamakhemikhali eziyingozi Njenge, Sn, Sb, Bi, Pb kanye negesi N, H, O, njll. Ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukufana kwekhemikhali. ukwakheka kwensimbi nokuhlanzeka kwensimbi, kunciphisa ...
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