Ngokuvamile, insimbi yamapayipi ibhekisela kumakhoyili (amapheshana ensimbi) namapuleti ensimbi asetshenziselwa ukukhiqiza amapayipi ashiselwe anemvamisa ephezulu, amapayipi ashiselwe i-arc angaphansi kwamanzi, kanye namapayipi ashiselwe yi-arc emthungo oqondile.

Ngokukhuphuka kwengcindezi yokuhamba ngamapayipi kanye nobubanzi bepayipi, insimbi yamapayipi enamandla amakhulu (X56, X60, X65, X70, njll.) iye yathuthukiswa ngokusekelwe ensimbi enealloy ephezulu enamandla kusukela ngeminyaka yawo-1960. Ubuchwepheshe bokugoqa. Ngokungeza ama-trace elements (inani eliphelele alikho ngaphezu kuka-0.2%) njenge-niobium (Nb), i-vanadium (V), i-titanium (Ti), nezinye izakhi ze-alloying ensimbi, kanye nokulawula inqubo yokugingqika, ukuhlanganisa komshini. izakhiwo zensimbi zithuthukisiwe kakhulu. Insimbi yamapayipi aqinile iwubuchwepheshe obuphezulu, umkhiqizo onenani eliphakeme, futhi ukukhiqizwa kwawo kusebenza cishe zonke izimpumelelo ezintsha kubuchwepheshe bezinqubo emkhakheni we-metallurgical. Kungabonakala ukuthi izinto ezisetshenziswa kumapayipi egesi yemvelo amabanga amade zimelela izinga lemboni yezensimbi yezwe ngokwezinga elithile.

Amapayipi egesi yemvelo amabanga amade anezinkinga ezifana nezindawo zokusebenza ezinzima, izimo zejoloji eziyinkimbinkimbi, imigqa emide, ukunakekelwa okunzima, nokuvame ukuphuka nokwehluleka. Ngakho-ke, insimbi yepayipi kufanele ibe nezakhiwo ezinhle njengamandla aphezulu, ukuqina okuphezulu, ukushisela, ukumelana nokubanda okukhulu namazinga okushisa aphansi, nokumelana nokuphuka.

Ukukhetha insimbi yamaphayiphi anamandla amakhulu noma ukukhulisa ukujiya kodonga lwamapayipi ensimbi kungenza amapayipi egesi yemvelo akwazi ukumelana nomfutho ophakeme wokudlulisa, ngaleyo ndlela kwandise amandla okudluliswa kwegesi yemvelo. Nakuba intengo yensimbi eqinile ye-micro-alloy yamapayipi ensimbi enobubanzi obufanayo icishe ibe ngu-5% kuya ku-10% ephakeme kunensimbi evamile, isisindo sepayipi lensimbi singancishiswa cishe nge-1/3, inqubo yokukhiqiza nokushisela. kulula, futhi izindleko zokuhamba kanye nokubeka nazo ziphansi. Ukuzijwayeza kufakazele ukuthi izindleko zokusebenzisa amapayipi ensimbi anamandla amakhulu zingaba yi-1/2 kuphela yezindleko zamapayipi ensimbi ajwayelekile anomfutho nobubanzi obufanayo, futhi udonga lwamapayipi luncishisiwe futhi kungenzeka ukuthi kube nokuqhekeka okuphukayo kwepayipi. futhi kuncishisiwe. Ngakho-ke, ngokuvamile kukhethwa ukwandisa amandla epayipi lensimbi ukuze kwandiswe umthamo wepayipi, kunokwandisa ubukhulu bodonga lwepayipi yensimbi.

Izinkomba zamandla ensimbi yepayipi ikakhulukazi zifaka amandla aqinile namandla okukhiqiza. Insimbi yamapayipi enamandla okukhiqiza aphezulu inganciphisa inani lensimbi esetshenziswa kumapayipi egesi, kodwa amandla okukhiqiza aphezulu kakhulu azonciphisa ukuqina kwepayipi lensimbi, okubangele ukudabuka, ukuqhekeka kwepayipi lensimbi, njll., futhi kubangele izingozi zokuphepha. Nakuba kudinga amandla aphezulu, isilinganiso samandla esivuno namandla aqinile (isilinganiso sokuqina kwesivuno) sensimbi yamapayipi kufanele sicatshangelwe ngokugcwele. Isilinganiso esifanele sokuvunwa-kuya-amandla singaqinisekisa ukuthi ipayipi yensimbi inamandla anele kanye nokuqina okwanele, ngaleyo ndlela ithuthukise ukuphepha kwesakhiwo sepayipi.

Uma ipayipi legesi elinomfutho omkhulu liphuka futhi lehluleka, igesi ecindezelweyo izokhula ngokushesha futhi ikhulule inani elikhulu lamandla, okubangele imiphumela emibi njengokuqhuma nemililo. Ukuze kuncishiswe ukwenzeka kwezingozi ezinjalo, umklamo wamapayipi kufanele ucubungule ngokucophelela uhlelo lokulawula ukuphuka kusukela kulezi zici ezimbili ezilandelayo: Okokuqala, ipayipi lensimbi kufanele lihlale lisebenza esimweni esinzima, okungukuthi, izinga lokushisa lokushintsha kwepayipi le-ductile-brittle kufanele libe. ngaphansi kwezinga lokushisa lendawo yesevisi yepayipi ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi Azikho izingozi zokuphuka kwamapayipi ensimbi. Okwesibili, ngemva kokuphuka kwe-ductile, ukuqhekeka kufanele kumiswe ngaphakathi kwe-1 kuya ku-2 ubude bepayipi ukuze kugwenywe ukulahlekelwa okukhulu okubangelwa ukwanda kokuqhekeka kwesikhathi eside. Amapayipi egesi yemvelo amabanga amade asebenzisa inqubo yokushisela ibhande ukuxhuma amapayipi ensimbi ngalinye ngalinye. Isimo sokwakha esinzima ensimini sinomthelela omkhulu kwikhwalithi ye-welding ye-girth, okwenza kalula imifantu endaweni yokushisela, ukunciphisa ukuqina kwe-weld kanye nendawo ethinteke ukushisa, futhi kwandise amathuba okuqhekeka kwepayipi. Ngakho-ke, insimbi yepayipi ngokwayo inokushisela okuhle kakhulu, okubalulekile ekuqinisekiseni ikhwalithi yokushisela kanye nokuphepha okuphelele kwepayipi.

Eminyakeni yamuva nje, ngokuthuthukiswa nokumbiwa kwegesi yemvelo efinyelela ogwadule, ezindaweni zezintaba, ezindaweni ezishisayo, nasezilwandle, amapayipi ahamba ibanga elide ngokuvamile kufanele adlule ezindaweni ezinezimo eziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu ze geological kanye nesimo sezulu esifana nezindawo ze-permafrost, izindawo zokudilika komhlaba, nezindawo zokuzamazama komhlaba. Ukuze uvimbele amapayipi ensimbi ukuthi angawohloki ngenxa yokuwa komhlabathi nokunyakaza phakathi nesevisi, amapayipi okuhambisa igesi asezindaweni ezijwayele ukuzamazama komhlaba nezinhlekelele zemvelo kufanele asebenzise amapayipi ensimbi amelana nomklamo amelana nokuguga okukhulu. Amapayipi angangcwatshwa adlula ezindaweni ezingaphezulu, ezindaweni zenhlabathi eqandisiwe, ukuphakama okuphezulu, noma izindawo ezinezinga eliphezulu lokushisa eliphansi angaphansi kovivinyo lwamakhaza amakhulu unyaka wonke. Amapayipi ensimbi epayipi anokumelana okuhle kakhulu nokuqhekeka kwe-brittle brittle kufanele kukhethwe; amapayipi agqitshwe adliwe amanzi angaphansi komhlaba kanye nenhlabathi ehambisa kakhulu Amapayipi, ukwelashwa okunqanda ukugqwala ngaphakathi nangaphandle kwamapayipi kufanele kuqiniswe.