Iyini insimbi engagqwali?
'I-Stainless' igama elaqanjwa ekuqaleni kwalezi zinsimbi zokusetshenziswa kokusika. Yamukelwa njengegama elijwayelekile lalezi zinsimbi futhi manje ihlanganisa izinhlobo eziningi zensimbi namamaki okugqwala noma izinhlelo zokusebenza ezimelana ne-oxidation.
Izinsimbi ezingenasici ziyingxube yensimbi enobuncane be-chromium engu-10.5%. Ezinye izakhi ze-alloying zengezwa ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukwakheka kwazo kanye nezakhiwo ezifana nokubunjwa, amandla kanye nokuqina kwe-cryogenic.
Lesi sakhiwo sekristalu senza izinsimbi ezinjalo zingabi-zibuthe futhi zibe brittle emazingeni okushisa aphansi. Ukuze uthole ubulukhuni obuphakeme namandla, ikhabhoni iyengezwa. Uma ingaphansi kokwelashwa okwanele kokushisa lezi zinsimbi zisetshenziswa njengama-razor blades, ukusika, amathuluzi njll.
Inani elibalulekile le-manganese lisetshenziswe ekwakhiweni kwensimbi engagqwali eminingi. I-Manganese igcina isakhiwo se-austenitic ensimbi njenge-nickel, kodwa ngezindleko eziphansi.
Izakhi eziyinhloko ensimbi engagqwali
Insimbi engagqwali noma insimbi engagqwali iwuhlobo lwengxube yensimbi etholakala ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene. Isiza izidingo zethu ezingokoqobo kangangokuthi kunzima ukuthola noma yimuphi umkhakha wempilo yethu, lapho singasebenzisi khona lolu hlobo lwensimbi. Izingxenye ezinkulu zensimbi engagqwali yilezi: iron, chromium, carbon, nickel, molybdenum kanye nenani elincane lezinye izinsimbi.
Lezi zihlanganisa izinsimbi ezifana nalezi:
- I-Nickel
- I-Molybdenum
- I-Titanium
- Ithusi
Izithako ezingezona ezensimbi nazo zenziwe, okuyinhloko kube:
- Ikhabhoni
- I-nitrogen
I-CHROMIUM KANYE NE-NICKEL:
I-Chromium i-elementi eyenza insimbi engagqwali ingabi nasici. Kubalulekile ekwakheni ifilimu ye-passive. Ezinye izici zingathonya ukusebenza kahle kwe-chromium ekwakheni noma ekunakekeleni ifilimu, kodwa ayikho enye into ngokwayo engadala izici zensimbi engagqwali.
Cishe ku-10.5% chromium, ifilimu ebuthakathaka iyakhiwa futhi izohlinzeka ngokuvikeleka okuthambile komkhathi. Ngokwandisa i-chromium ku-17-20%, okujwayelekile ochungechungeni lwe-austenitic stainless steels, ukuqina kwefilimu ye-passive kuyanda. Ukwenyuka okwengeziwe kokuqukethwe kwe-chromium kuzonikeza ukuvikeleka okwengeziwe.
| Uphawu | Isici |
| Al | I-Aluminium |
| C | Ikhabhoni |
| Cr | I-Chromium |
| Cu | Ithusi |
| Fe | Insimbi |
| Mo | I-Molybdenum |
| UMn | IManganese |
| N | I-nitrogen |
| Ni | I-Nickel |
| P | I-Phosphorous |
| S | Isibabule |
| Se | I-Selenium |
| Ta | I-Tantalum |
| Thi | I-Titanium |
I-Nickel izozinzisa ukwakheka kwe-austenitic (uhlaka olusanhlamvu noma lwekristalu) lwensimbi engagqwali futhi ithuthukise izici zemishini nezici zokwenziwa. Okuqukethwe kwe-nickel okungama-8-10% nangaphezulu kuzonciphisa ukuthambekela kwensimbi ukuqhekeka ngenxa yokugqwala kwengcindezi. I-Nickel iphinde ikhuthaze ukuguqulwa kabusha uma kwenzeka ifilimu yonakaliswa.
UMANGANESE:
I-Manganese, ngokuhlangana ne-nickel, yenza imisebenzi eminingi ebizwa nge-nickel. Izophinde ihlangane nesibabule kunsimbi engagqwali ukuze kwakheke ama-manganese sulfite, okwandisa ukumelana nokugqwala kwemigodi. Ngokufaka i-manganese esikhundleni se-nickel, bese uyihlanganisa ne-nitrogen, amandla nawo anda.
I-MOLYBDENUM:
I-Molybdenum, ihlangene ne-chromium, iphumelela kakhulu ekuqiniseni ifilimu ye-passive phambi kwama-chlorides. Isebenza ngempumelelo ekuvimbeleni ukuqhekeka noma ukugqwala komgodi. I-Molybdenum, eduze kwe-chromium, inikeza ukwanda okukhulu kokumelana nokugqwala kwensimbi engagqwali. I-Edstrom Industries isebenzisa i-316 i-stainless ngoba iqukethe u-2-3% we-molybdenum, enikeza ukuvikeleka uma i-chlorine yengezwe emanzini.
IKHABONI:
Ikhabhoni isetshenziselwa ukwandisa amandla. Ebangeni le-martensitic, ukungezwa kwekhabhoni kusiza ukuqina ngokwelapha ukushisa.
I-NITROGEN:
I-nitrogen isetshenziselwa ukuzinzisa ukwakheka kwe-austenitic yensimbi engagqwali, okuthuthukisa ukumelana kwayo nokugqwala komgodi futhi kuqinise insimbi. Ukusebenzisa i-nitrogen kwenza kube nokwenzeka ukwandisa okuqukethwe kwe-molybdenum kuze kufike ku-6%, okwenza ngcono ukumelana nokugqwala ezindaweni ze-chloride.
I-TITANIUM NE-MIOBIUM:
I-Titanium ne-Miobium isetshenziselwa ukunciphisa ukuzwela kwensimbi engagqwali. Lapho insimbi engagqwali izwela, ukugqwala kwe-intergranular kungenzeka. Lokhu kubangelwa ukuna kwama-chrome carbides ngesikhathi sokupholisa lapho izingxenye zishiselwe. Lokhu kwehlisa indawo yokushisela ye-chromium. Ngaphandle kwe-chromium, ifilimu ye-passive ayikwazi ukwakheka. I-Titanium ne-Niobium zisebenzisana nekhabhoni ukuze zenze ama-carbides, okushiya i-chromium iyisixazululo ukuze ifilimu ye-passive yakheke.
ITHUSI NE-ALUMINIUM:
I-Copper ne-Aluminium, kanye ne-Titanium, ingangezwa ensimbi engagqwali ukuze iqinise ukuqina kwayo. Ukuqina kufinyelelwa ngokucwiliswa emanzini ezingeni lokushisa elingu-900┾ kuya ku-1150┾F. Lezi zakhi zakha i-microstructure eqinile ye-intermetallic phakathi nenqubo yokucwiliswa kumazinga okushisa aphakeme.
I-SALFUR NE-SELENIUM:
I-Sulfur ne-Selenium yengezwe ku-304 engagqwali ukuze kwenziwe umshini ngokukhululeka. Lokhu kuba yi-303 noma i-303SE insimbi engagqwali, esetshenziswa i-Edstrom Industries ukwenza ama-valve engulube, amantongomane, nezingxenye ezingavezwanga emanzini okuphuza.
Izinhlobo zensimbi engagqwali
I-AISI ICHAZA AMABANGA ALANDELAYO PHAKATHI KWAMANYE:
Eyaziwa nangokuthi "izinga lasolwandle" insimbi engagqwali ngenxa yamandla ayo akhulayo okumelana nokugqwala kwamanzi anosawoti uma kuqhathaniswa nohlobo 304. I-SS316 ivamise ukusetshenziselwa ukwakha izitshalo ezicubungula kabusha zenuzi.
304/304L IZINKULU EZINGAGQI
Uhlobo 304 lunamandla angaphansi kancane kunama-302 ngenxa yokuqukethwe kwayo kwekhabhoni ephansi.
316/316L ENIKANZI ENGENANZI
Uhlobo 316/316L Insimbi Engagqwali iyinsimbi ye-molybdenum enokumelana okuthuthukisiwe emigodini ngezixazululo eziqukethe ama-chloride namanye ama-halide.
I-310S STAINLESS Steel
I-310S Stainless Steel inokumelana okuhle kakhulu ne-oxidation ngaphansi kwamazinga okushisa angashintshi ukuya ku-2000°F.
317L ENIKAZI
I-317L iyinsimbi ye-molybdenum ene-austenitic chromium nickel efana nohlobo 316, ngaphandle kokuthi okuqukethwe kwe-alloy ku-317L kuphakeme kancane.
321/321H IZINSIMBI EZINGAGQI
Uhlobo 321 wuhlobo oluyisisekelo 304 olulungiswe ngokungeza i-titanium enani okungenani izikhathi ezi-5 kunokuqukethwe kwekhabhoni kanye ne-nitrogen.
410 IZINSIMBI
Uhlobo 410 insimbi engagqwali ye-martensitic enguzibuthe, imelana nokugqwala endaweni epholile futhi inokusebenza kahle.
I-DUPLEX 2205 (UNS S31803)
I-Duplex 2205 (UNS S31803), noma i-Avesta Sheffield 2205 iyinsimbi engagqwali ye-ferritic-austenitic.
IZIMPILO EZINGAGQIZI NAZO ZIHLUKANISWA NGESAKHIWO SOCHITHO WAZO:
- Izinsimbi ezingenasici ze-Austenitic zihlanganisa ngaphezu kwama-70% okukhiqizwa kwensimbi engagqwali. Ziqukethe ubuningi bekhabhoni engu-0.15%, ubuncane be-chromium engu-16% kanye ne-nickel eyanele kanye/noma i-manganese ukuze kugcinwe ukwakheka kwe-austenitic kuwo wonke amazinga okushisa ukusuka endaweni ye-cryogenic ukuya endaweni encibilikayo ye-alloy. Ukwakheka okujwayelekile kungu-18% we-chromium kanye ne-nickel engu-10%, evame ukwaziwa ngokuthi i-18/10 i-stainless ivame ukusetshenziswa ku-flatware. Ngokufanayo 18/0 kanye 18/8 iyatholakala. I-¨Superaustenitic〃 izinsimbi ezingenasici, ezifana ne-alloy AL-6XN ne-254SMO, zibonisa ukumelana okukhulu ne-chloride pitting kanye nokugqwala ngenxa yokuqukethwe okuphezulu kwe-Molybdenum (>6%) kanye nesengezo se-nitrogen nokuqukethwe okuphezulu kwe-nickel kuqinisekisa ukumelana okungcono nokuqhekeka kwe-stress-corrosion ngaphezu kuka-300 uchungechunge. Okuqukethwe okuphezulu kwe-alloy kwezinsimbi "ze-Superaustenitic" kusho ukuthi zibiza ngendlela esabekayo futhi ukusebenza okufanayo kungafinyelelwa kusetshenziswa izinsimbi eziyi-duplex ngezindleko eziphansi kakhulu.
- Izinsimbi ezingenasici ze-Ferritic zimelana nokugqwala kakhulu, kodwa azihlali isikhathi eside kunamamaki e-austenitic futhi azikwazi ukwenziwa lukhuni ukwelashwa kokushisa. Aqukethe phakathi kuka-10.5% no-27% we-chromium kanye ne-nickel encane kakhulu, uma ikhona. Izingoma eziningi zihlanganisa i-molybdenum; ezinye, i-aluminium noma i-titanium. Amabanga ajwayelekile e-ferritic afaka i-18Cr-2Mo, 26Cr-1Mo, 29Cr-4Mo, kanye ne-29Cr-4Mo-2Ni.
- Izinsimbi ezingenasici ze-Martensitic azikwazi ukumelana nokugqwala njengezinye izigaba ezimbili, kodwa ziqine ngokwedlulele futhi ziqinile futhi ziyakwazi ukushintshwa ngomshini, futhi zingaqiniswa ukwelashwa kokushisa. Insimbi engagqwali ye-Martensitic iqukethe i-chromium (12-14%), i-molybdenum (0.2-1%), ayikho i-nickel, kanye nekhabhoni engaba ngu-0.1-1% (okuyinikeza ubulukhuni obuningi kodwa okwenza izinto zibe brittle kakhudlwana). Iyacinywa futhi ikazibuthe. Yaziwa nangokuthi "uchungechunge-00" insimbi.
- Izinsimbi ezingenasici ezi-Duplex zine-microstructure exubile ye-austenite ne-ferrite, inhloso kuwukukhiqiza imiksi engu-50:50 nakuba kuma-alloys okuhweba ukuxuba kungase kube ngu-60:40. Insimbi ye-Duplex ithuthukise amandla ngaphezu kwezinsimbi ezingagqwali ze-austenitic futhi yathuthukisa ukumelana nokugqwala kwendawo ikakhulukazi ukugqwala, ukugqwala kwemifantu kanye nokuqhekeka kokugqwala kwengcindezi. Zibonakala nge-chromium ephezulu kanye nokuqukethwe kwe-nickel ephansi kunezinsimbi ezingenasici ze-austenitic.
Umlando Wensimbi Engagqwali
Ama-artifact ambalwa ensimbi amelana nokugqwala asekhona kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo. Isibonelo esidumile (futhi esikhulu kakhulu) yiNsika Yensimbi yaseDelhi, eyakhiwe ngomyalo kaKumara Gupta I cishe ngonyaka ka-AD 400. Kodwa-ke, ngokungafani nensimbi engagqwali, lezi zinto zobuciko zikweleta ukuqina kwazo hhayi nge-chromium, kodwa ngenxa yokuqukethwe kwazo okuphezulu kwe-phosphorus, okuthi kanye nezimo zezulu ezikahle zendawo kukhuthaze ukwakheka kongqimba oluqinile lwe-passivation passivation lwama-iron oxides nama-phosphates, kunongqimba olungavikeli, oluqhekekile lokugqwala olukhula emisebenzini eminingi yensimbi.
Ukumelana nokugqwala kwama-alloys e-iron-chromium kwaqala ukubonwa ngo-1821 yisazi sensimbi saseFrance uPierre Berthier, owaphawula ukumelana kwabo nokuhlaselwa ama-acid athile futhi waphakamisa ukuthi asetshenziswe ekusikeni. Kodwa-ke, ama-metallurgists ekhulunyaka le-19 awakwazanga ukukhiqiza inhlanganisela yekhabhoni ephansi kanye ne-chromium ephezulu etholakala ezinsimbi eziningi zesimanje ezingenasici, futhi ama-alloy ane-chromium ephezulu ababengawakhiqiza ayemahle kakhulu ukuthi angaba nentshisekelo ebonakalayo.
Lesi simo sashintsha ngasekupheleni kwawo-1890, lapho u-Hans Goldschmidt waseJalimane enza inqubo ye-aluminothermic (thermite) yokukhiqiza i-carbon-free chromium. Eminyakeni ka-19041911, abacwaningi abaningana, ikakhulukazi u-Leon Guillet waseFrance, balungisa ama-alloys azothathwa namuhla njengensimbi engagqwali. Ngo-1911, uPhilip Monnartz waseJalimane wabika ngobudlelwano phakathi kokuqukethwe kwe-chromium kanye nokumelana nokugqwala kwalawa ma-alloys.
UHarry Brearley welebhu yocwaningo iBrown-Firth eSheffield, eNgilandi uvame ukubizwa ngokuthi “umsunguli” wezinto ezingenasici.
insimbi. Ngo-1913, ngenkathi efuna i-alloy evimbela ukuguguleka kwemiphongolo yezibhamu, wathola futhi kamuva wenza izimboni i-martensitic stainless steel alloy. Kodwa-ke, intuthuko yezimboni efanayo yayisenzeka ngesikhathi esifanayo e-Krupp Iron Works eJalimane, lapho u-Eduard Maurer noBenno Strauss babekhiqiza ingxubevange ye-austenitic (21% chromium, 7% nickel), nase-United States, lapho uChristian Dantsizen noFrederick Becket. babenezimboni ze-ferritic ezingenasici.
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Isikhathi sokuthumela: Jun-16-2022