①Usayizi omncane nosayizi wangempela

A. Usayizi wokuzisholo: Usayizi wegama ocaciswe ezingeni, usayizi ofanele olindelwe abasebenzisi nabakhiqizi, kanye nosayizi we-oda okhonjiswe kunkontileka.

B. Usayizi wangempela: Usayizi wangempela otholakala kunqubo yokukhiqiza, ovame ukuba mkhulu noma ube mncane kunosayizi ovamile.Lo mkhuba wokuba mkhulu noma ube mncane kunosayizi wegama ubizwa ngokuthi ukuchezuka.

② Ukuchezuka nokubekezelelana

A. Ukuchezuka: Enqubweni yokukhiqiza, ngenxa yokuthi usayizi wangempela kunzima ukuhlangabezana nezidingo zikasayizi ovamile, okungukuthi, uvame ukuba mkhulu noma ube mncane kunosayizi wegama, ngakho izinga libeka ukuthi kunomehluko phakathi kosayizi wangempela kanye usayizi ojwayelekile.Uma umehluko uphozithivu, kubizwa ngokuthi ukuchezuka kwe-positive, futhi uma umehluko unegethivu, kubizwa ngokuthi ukuchezuka okunegethivu.

B. Ukubekezelela: Isamba senani lamanani aphelele ?

Ukuchezuka kuyaqondisa, okungukuthi, kuvezwa “njengokuhle” noma “okubi”;ukubekezelelana akukona ukuqondisa, ngakho-ke akulungile ukubiza inani lokuchezuka ngokuthi "ukubekezelelana okuhle" noma "ukubekezelelana okungalungile".

③Ubude bokulethwa

Ubude bokulethwa bubizwa nangokuthi ubude obudingwa umsebenzisi noma ubude benkontileka.Izinga linezinhlinzeko ezilandelayo ngobude bokulethwa:
A. Ubude obujwayelekile (obuye baziwe ngokuthi ubude obungaguquki): Noma ibuphi ubude obungaphakathi kwebanga lobude obucaciswe izinga elijwayelekile futhi abukho imfuneko yobude obumisiwe bubizwa ngokuthi ubude obuvamile.Isibonelo, izinga lepayipi lesakhiwo liyasho: ipayipi lensimbi eligoqiwe elishisayo (ukukhipha, ukunwetshwa) 3000mm ~ 12000mm;ipayipi lensimbi elibandayo elidonswe (eligoqiwe) 2000mmmm ~ 10500mm.

B. Ubude bobude obugxilile: Ubude bobude obungashintshi kufanele bube phakathi kwebanga lobude obuvamile, obungubukhulu obuthile obungashintshi obudingekayo kunkontileka.Kodwa-ke, akunakwenzeka ukusika ubude obugxilile obuphelele ekusebenzeni kwangempela, ngakho izinga libeka inani elivumelekile lokuchezuka elivumayo lobude obugxilile.

Ngokwezinga lepayipi lesakhiwo:
Isivuno sokukhiqizwa kwamapayipi anobude obungaguquki sikhulu kunamapayipi obude obujwayelekile, futhi kunengqondo ukuthi umenzi acele ukukhushulwa kwentengo.Ukwenyuka kwentengo kuyehluka kuye ngenkampani ngenkampani, kodwa ngokuvamile kuphakeme ngo-10% kunentengo yesisekelo.

C. Ubude berula eliphindwe kabili: Ubude berula abaningi kufanele bube phakathi kwebanga lobude obuvamile, futhi ubude berula eyodwa kanye nokuphindaphinda kobude obuphelele kufanele kuboniswe kunkontileka (isibonelo, 3000mm×3, okungukuthi, ukuphindaphinda okungu-3 3000mm, kanti ubude obuphelele bungu-9000mm).Ekusebenzeni kwangempela, ukuchezuka okuphozithivu okuvunyelwe okungu-20mm kufanele kwengezwe ngesisekelo sobude obuphelele, futhi imvume yokusikela kufanele igcinelwe ubude berula ngalinye.Uma sithatha ipayipi lesakhiwo njengesibonelo, kuyabalulwa ukuthi umkhawulo wokusikela kufanele ubekelwe: ububanzi obungaphandle ≤ 159mm bungu-5 ~ 10mm;ububanzi obungaphandle > 159mm buyi-10 ~ 15mm.

Uma izinga lingacacisi ukuchezuka kobude berula ephindwe kabili kanye nesibonelelo sokusika, kufanele kuxoxiswane ngazo yizo zombili izinhlangothi futhi kuboniswe kwinkontileka.Isilinganiso sobude obuphindwe kabili silingana nobude obunqunyiwe, okuzonciphisa kakhulu isivuno somkhiqizi.Ngakho-ke, kunengqondo ngomkhiqizi ukuthi akhuphule intengo, futhi ukukhuphuka kwentengo ngokuyisisekelo kufana nokukhuphuka kobude obunqunyiwe.

D. Ubude bebanga: Ubude bebanga bungaphakathi kobubanzi obuvamile.Uma umsebenzisi edinga ubude bebanga obumisiwe, kufanele buboniswe kunkontileka.

Isibonelo: ubude obujwayelekile bungu-3000~12000mm, futhi ububanzi obulungisiwe bungu-6000~8000mm noma 8000~10000mm.

Kuyabonakala ukuthi ubude bebanga buxega kunezidingo zobude obumisiwe kanye nobude obuphindwe kabili, kodwa buqinile kunobude obujwayelekile, okuzophinde kunciphise isivuno sebhizinisi lokukhiqiza.Ngakho-ke, kunengqondo ngomkhiqizi ukuthi akhuphule intengo, futhi ukukhuphuka kwentengo ngokuvamile cishe ku-4% ngaphezu kwenani eliyisisekelo.

④ Ubukhulu bodonga olungalingani

Ubukhulu bodonga lwepayipi yensimbi abukwazi ukufana yonke indawo, futhi kukhona inhloso yokuqina kodonga olungalingani engxenyeni yayo yesiphambano kanye nomzimba wepayipi longitudinal, okungukuthi, ukushuba kodonga akulingani.Ukuze kulawulwe lokhu kungalingani, ezinye izindinganiso zamapayipi ensimbi zibeka izinkomba ezivumelekile zokuqina kodonga olungalingani, ngokuvamile olungadluli u-80% wokuqina kodonga (olwenziwa ngemva kwezingxoxo phakathi komphakeli nomthengi).

⑤ Ovality

Kukhona isenzakalo samadiamitha angaphandle angalingani engxenyeni ephambanweni yepayipi lensimbi eliyindilinga, okungukuthi, kukhona ububanzi obuphezulu obungaphandle kanye nobubanzi obuncane obungaphandle obungeyona i-perpendicular komunye nomunye, bese kuba umehluko phakathi kobukhulu obungaphandle ububanzi kanye ubuncane be-diameter yangaphandle yi-ovality (noma hhayi ukujikeleza).Ukuze kulawulwe i-ovality, izindinganiso ezithile zamapayipi ensimbi zibeka inkomba evumelekile ye-ovality, evame ukucaciswa njengengadluli ku-80% wokubekezelela ububanzi bangaphandle (okwenziwa ngemva kwezingxoxo phakathi komphakeli nomthengi).

⑥Idigri yokugoba

Ipayipi lensimbi ligobile ohlangothini lobude, futhi i-curve degree ivezwa izinombolo, okubizwa ngokuthi idigri yokugoba.Idigri yokugoba eshiwo ezingeni ngokuvamile ihlukaniswa ngezinhlobo ezimbili ezilandelayo:

A. Idigri yendawo yokugoba: linganisa indawo ephezulu yokugoba yepayipi lensimbi ngerula eyimitha ubude, bese ukala ubude bayo bokugoba (mm), okuyinani ledigri yasendaweni, iyunithi ingu-mm/m, futhi indlela yokukhuluma ingu-2.5 mm/m..Le ndlela iyasebenza nase-tube end curvature.

B. Ingqikithi yezinga lokugoba labo bonke ubude: Sebenzisa intambo encane ukuze uqinise kuzo zombili iziphetho zepayipi, ulinganise ukuphakama kwe-chord (mm) ekujikeni kwepayipi lensimbi, bese uyiguqula ibe iphesenti lobude ( ngamamitha), okuyisiqondiso sobude bepayipi lensimbi lobude obugcwele ukugoba.

Isibonelo, uma ubude bepayipi lensimbi buyi-8m, futhi ukuphakama okuphezulu kwe-chord kuka-30mm, izinga lokugoba labo bonke ubude bepayipi kufanele libe: 0.03÷8m×100%=0.375%

⑦Usayizi uphelelwe ukubekezelelana
Usayizi awubekezeleleki noma usayizi weqa ukuchezuka okuvunyelwe kwezinga."Ubukhulu" lapha ikakhulukazi bubhekisela kububanzi obungaphandle nobukhulu bodonga bepayipi lensimbi.Ngokuvamile abanye abantu babiza usayizi ngenxa yokubekezelelana "ngenxa yokubekezelelana".Lolu hlobo lwegama elilinganisa ukuphambuka nokubekezelelana aluqinile, futhi kufanele lubizwe ngokuthi “ngokungabekezelelani”.Ukuchezuka lapha kungase kube "okuhle" noma "okubi", futhi akuvamile ukuthi kokubili ukuchezuka "okuhle nokubi" kuphume emgqeni kunqwaba yamapayipi ensimbi.