Ukuhlaziywa kwekhwalithi yepayipi lensimbi engenamthungo kanye nezinyathelo zokuvimbela
Senza ukuhlaziya kwezibalo ngekhwalithi yomkhiqizo wamapayipi ensimbi angenamthungo. Kusukela emiphumeleni yezibalo, singaqonda ukuthi umkhiqizi ngamunye unokukhubazeka kokucubungula (ukuqhekeka kokucubungula, amabhande esikhumba esimnyama, izikulufu zangaphakathi, i-close pitch, njll.), ubukhulu bejiyomethri, nokusebenza ngokwekhwalithi yomkhiqizo. (izakhiwo zemishini, ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali, ukubopha), ukugoba kwamapayipi ensimbi, ukucaba, ukubola, ukugqwala kwamapayipi ensimbi, umgodi, ukukhubazeka okugejiwe, imithetho exubile, insimbi exubile, nokunye ukukhubazeka.

Amazinga okukhiqiza amapayipi ensimbi angenamthungo: izidingo zekhwalithi zamapayipi ensimbi angenamthungo
1. Ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali ensimbi; ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali ensimbi kuyisici esibaluleke kakhulu esithinta ukusebenza kwamapayipi ensimbi angenamthungo. Futhi kuyisisekelo esiyinhloko sokwenza imingcele yenqubo yokugoqa ipayipi kanye nemingcele yenqubo yokushisa ipayipi yensimbi. Esilinganisweni sepayipi lensimbi engenamthungo, ngokusho kokusetshenziswa okuhlukene kwepayipi lensimbi, izidingo ezihambisanayo zibekwe phambili zokuncibilikisa insimbi kanye nendlela yokukhiqiza yezikhala zamapayipi, futhi kwenziwa imithetho eqinile ekubunjweni kwamakhemikhali. Ikakhulukazi, izidingo zibekwe phambili kokuqukethwe kwamakhemikhali athile ayingozi (i-arsenic, ithini, i-antimony, i-lead, i-bismuth) namagesi (i-nitrogen, i-hydrogen, i-oxygen, njll.). Ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukufana kokwakheka kwamakhemikhali ensimbi kanye nokuhlanzeka kwensimbi, ukunciphisa ukufakwa okungezona okwensimbi ezikhaleni zamashubhu, futhi kuthuthukiswe ukusatshalaliswa kwazo, imishini yokucwenga yangaphandle ivame ukusetshenziselwa ukucwenga insimbi encibilikisiwe, ngisho nezithando ze-electro slag. zisetshenziselwa ukucwenga izikhala zamashubhu. Ukuncibilika nokucwengwa.

2. Ipayipi lensimbi ukunemba kobukhulu bejometri kanye nobubanzi bangaphandle; ipayipi lensimbi ukunemba kwedayamitha yangaphandle, ukujiya kodonga, i-ovality, ubude, ukugoba kwepayipi lensimbi, umthambeko wepayipi wensimbi uphela, i-engeli yepayipi yensimbi ephethe i-engeli ye-bevel kanye nonqenqema olubuthuntu, ubukhulu besigaba esiphambene samapayipi ensimbi anomumo okhethekile.

1. 2. 1 Ipayipi lensimbi ukunemba kodayamitha wangaphandle Ukunemba kwedayamitha yangaphandle yamapayipi ensimbi engenamthungo kuncike endleleni yokunquma (ukunciphisa) ububanzi (kuhlanganise nokunciphisa ukushuba), izimo zokusebenza kwemishini, uhlelo lwenqubo, njll. Ukunemba kobubanzi bangaphandle nakho kuhlobene. ekucubunguleni imbobo ukunemba komshini ogxilile (wokunciphisa) ububanzi kanye nokusatshalaliswa nokulungiswa kokuguquguquka kohlaka ngalunye. Ukunemba kobubanzi bangaphandle bamapayipi ensimbi angenamthungo (抜) akhiwe ngokunemba ahlobene nokunemba kwesikhunta noma iphasi eligoqayo.

1. 2. 2 Ubukhulu bodonga Ukunemba kokuqina kodonga lwamapayipi ensimbi angenamthungo kuhlobene nekhwalithi yokushisisa yeshubhu elingenalutho, imingcele yedizayini yenqubo kanye nemingcele yokulungisa yenqubo ngayinye yokuguga, ikhwalithi yamathuluzi, kanye nekhwalithi yawo yokuthambisa. Ubukhulu bodonga olungalingani lwamapayipi ensimbi lusatshalaliswa njengokushuba kodonga oluguquguqukayo olungalingani nokuqina kodonga lwe-longitudinal.

3. Izinga eliphezulu lamapayipi ensimbi; izinga libeka izidingo "zendawo ebushelelezi" zamapayipi ensimbi. Kodwa-ke, kunezinhlobo ezingu-10 zokukhubazeka okungaphezulu kwamapayipi ensimbi okubangelwa izizathu ezihlukahlukene phakathi nenqubo yokukhiqiza. Kubandakanya ukuqhekeka kwendawo (imifantu), imigqa yezinwele, ukugoqeka kwangaphakathi, ukugoqeka kwangaphandle, ukubhoboza, okuqondile kwangaphakathi, okuqondile kwangaphandle, izendlalelo ezihlukanisayo, izibazi, imigodi, amaqhubu aconvex, imigodi (imigodi), imihuzuko (Ukuklwebheka), indlela yangaphakathi evunguzayo, i-spiral yangaphandle. indlela, umugqa oluhlaza, ukulungiswa kwe-concave, ukuphrinta kwe-roller, njll. Izimbangela eziyinhloko zalezi zinkinga ziyiziphambeko ezingaphezulu noma ukukhubazeka kwangaphakathi kwe-tube engenalutho. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, kwenzeka ngesikhathi senqubo yokukhiqiza, okungukuthi, uma umklamo wepharamitha yenqubo yokugoqa ungacabangeli, indawo yethuluzi (isikhunta) ayibushelelezi, izimo zokugcoba azilungile, ukuklama kwephasi kanye nokulungiswa akunangqondo, njll. ., kungase kubangele ukuba kuvele ipayipi lensimbi. Izinkinga zekhwalithi yobuso; noma ngesikhathi sokushisa, ukugoqa, ukwelashwa kokushisa, kanye nenqubo yokuqondisa ye-tube engenalutho (ipayipi lensimbi), uma kwenzeka ngenxa yokulawula ukushisa okungalungile, ukuguqulwa okungalingani, ukushisa okungenangqondo kanye nesivinini sokupholisa, noma ukuguqulwa kokuqondisa ngokweqile Ukucindezeleka okweqile kwensalela kungase futhi. bangela ukuqhekeka kwendawo epayipini lensimbi.

4. Izakhiwo zomzimba namakhemikhali zamapayipi ensimbi; izakhiwo ezingokoqobo namakhemikhali zamapayipi ensimbi zihlanganisa izakhiwo zemishini zamapayipi ensimbi ekamelweni lokushisa, izakhiwo zemishini ezingeni lokushisa elithile (izakhiwo zamandla ashisayo noma izakhiwo ezisezingeni eliphansi lokushisa), kanye nokumelana nokugqwala (i-anti-oxidation, ukumelana nokugqwala kwamanzi, i-asidi kanye ukumelana ne-alkali, njll.). Ngokuvamile, izakhiwo ezingokwenyama namakhemikhali zamapayipi ensimbi ikakhulukazi zincike ekwakhekeni kwamakhemikhali, ukwakheka kwenhlangano, nokuhlanzeka kwensimbi, kanye nendlela yokwelapha ukushisa kwepayipi lensimbi. Yiqiniso, kwezinye izimo, izinga lokushisa elijikelezayo kanye nesistimu ye-deformation yepayipi yensimbi nayo inomthelela ekusebenzeni kwepayipi yensimbi.

5. Ukusebenza kwenqubo yepayipi lensimbi; ukusebenza kwenqubo yepayipi lensimbi kuhlanganisa izakhiwo zokucaba, ukuvutha, ukugoqa, ukugoba, ukudweba indandatho, kanye nokushisela kwamapayipi ensimbi.

6. Ipayipi lensimbi isakhiwo se-metallographic; isakhiwo se-metallographic sepayipi yensimbi sihlanganisa isakhiwo esiphansi sokukhulisa kanye nesakhiwo sokukhulisa kakhulu sepayipi yensimbi.

7 Izidingo ezikhethekile zamapayipi ensimbi; izimo ezikhethekile ezidingwa amakhasimende.

Izinkinga zekhwalithi ohlelweni lokukhiqiza lwamapayipi ensimbi angenamthungo - Ukukhubazeka kwekhwalithi yezikhala ze-tube kanye nokuvimbela kwazo
1. Izikhala zeshubhu ezingenalutho zekhwalithi nokuvimbela Izikhala zeshubhu ezisetshenziswa ekukhiqizeni amapayipi ensimbi angenamthungo zingaba izikhala zeshubhu eziyindilinga eziqhubekayo, izikhala zamashubhu ezigoqiwe (zakhiwe) eziyindilinga, izikhala zeshubhu eziyindilinga eziyindilinga eziyindilinga eziyindilinga, noma izimbobo zensimbi zingasetshenziswa ngokuqondile. Enqubweni yangempela yokukhiqiza, izikhala zeshubhu eziyindilinga eziqhubekayo zisetshenziswa ikakhulukazi ngenxa yezindleko eziphansi kanye nekhwalithi enhle yendawo.

1.1 Ukubukeka, ukuma, kanye namaphutha ekhwalithi ephezulu yeshubhu elingenalutho

1. 1. 1 Amaphutha okubonakala nokuma Ezikhaleni zamashubhu ayindilinga, ukubukeka nokuma komumo weshubhu elingenalutho ikakhulukazi kufaka phakathi ububanzi kanye ne-ovality yeshubhu elingenalutho, kanye nokuphela kobuso bokusika umthambeko. Kuma-ingots ensimbi, ukubukeka nokuma kokukhubazeka kwezikhala zeshubhu ikakhulukazi kufaka phakathi ukuma okungalungile kwe-ingot yensimbi ngenxa yokugqoka kwesikhunta se-ingot. Ububanzi kanye ne-ovality yeshubhu eliyindilinga elingenalutho akubekezeleleki: Empeleni, kukholelwa ukuthi lapho ithubhu elingenalutho libhoboziwe, izinga lokunciphisa ngaphambi kwepulaki elinembobo lilingana nenani lokugoqeka kwangaphakathi kweshubhu le-capillary enembobo. Uma izinga lokuncishiswa kwepulaki likhulu, ipayipi elingenalutho lizoba ngcono. Ama-pores akhiwa ngaphambi kwesikhathi, futhi ama-capillaries athambekele ekuqhekekeni kwendawo yangaphakathi. Phakathi nenqubo evamile yokukhiqiza, imingcele yokuma kwembobo yomshini wokubhoboza inqunywa ngokusekelwe kububanzi obuzisholo beshubhu elingenalutho kanye nobubanzi obungaphandle nobukhulu bodonga lweshubhu le-capillary. Lapho iphethini yembobo ilungiswa, uma ububanzi bangaphandle be-tube blank budlula ukubekezelelana okuhle, izinga lokunciphisa ngaphambi kokuba ipulaki ikhule futhi ithubhu ye-capillary ene-perforated izokhiqiza amaphutha angaphakathi okugoqa; uma i-diameter yangaphandle ye-tube engenalutho idlula ukubekezelelana okungalungile, izinga lokunciphisa ngaphambi kokuba ipulaki linciphe, okuholela ekutheni ishubhu lingabi nalutho Iphuzu lokuqala lokuluma liqhubekela embotsheni yomphimbo, okuzokwenza inqubo yokubhoboza kube nzima ukuyifinyelela. I-ovality eyeqile: Uma i-ovality ye-tube engenalutho ingalingani, i-tube engenalutho izozungeza ingazinzile ngemva kokungena endaweni ye-perforation deformation, futhi ama-roller azonwaya ingaphezulu leshubhu elingenalutho, okubangela ukukhubazeka okungaphezulu ku-capillary tube. Umthambeka osike ekugcineni weshubhu eliyindilinga elingenalutho awusakwazi ukubekezelela: Ukuqina kodonga lwengxenye engaphambili yeshubhu le-capillary enembobo yeshubhu elingenalutho alilingani. Isizathu esiyinhloko siwukuthi lapho i-tube engenalutho ingenayo imbobo emaphakathi, ipulaki ihlangana nobuso bokugcina be-tube engenalutho ngesikhathi senqubo yokubhoboza. Njengoba kunomthambeka omkhulu ebusweni bokugcina beshubhu obungenalutho, kunzima ngekhala lepulaki ukuba limise phakathi nendawo yeshubhu elingenalutho, okuholela ekugqileni kodonga lobuso bokuphela kweshubhu le-capillary. Akulingani.

1. 1. 2 Amaphutha ekhwalithi yobuso (ishubhu eliyindilinga eliqhubekayo alinalutho) Ukuqhekeka okungaphezulu kweshubhu elingenalutho: ukuqhekeka okuqondile, ukuqhekeka okuphambene, ukuqhekeka kwenethiwekhi. Izimbangela zokuqhekeka okuqondile:
A. Ukugeleza kokuchezuka okubangelwa ukungaqondani kahle komlomo kanye nesicwebezelisi sigeza igobolondo eliqinile leshubhu lingenalutho;
B. Ukuthembeka kwe-slag yesikhunta kubi, futhi ungqimba lwe-slag oluwuketshezi lugqinsile kakhulu noma luncane kakhulu, okuholela ekushubeni kwefilimu ye-slag engalingani nokwenza igobolondo lendawo lokuqiniswa leshubhu lingabi nalutho libe mncane kakhulu.
C. Ukushintshashintsha kwezinga le-crystal liquid (uma izinga loketshezi lishintshashintsha > ± 10mm, izinga lokwenzeka kokuqhekeka licishe libe ngu-30%);
Okuqukethwe kwe-D. P no-S ngensimbi. (P > 0. 017%, S > 0. 027%, umkhuba okhulayo wokuqhekeka kwe-longitudinal);
E. Uma u-C ensimbi ephakathi kuka-0. 12% no-0. 17%, ukuqhekeka kwe-longitudinal kuvame ukwanda.

Isexwayiso:
A. Qinisekisa ukuthi umlomo wombhobho nekristali kuqondile;
B. Ukushintshashintsha kwezinga le-crystal liquid kufanele kuzinzile;
C. Sebenzisa i-crystallization taper efanele;
D. Khetha impushana evikelayo esebenza kahle kakhulu;
E. Sebenzisa i-crystallizer ephezulu eshisayo.

Izimbangela zokuqhekeka okuphambene:
A. Izimpawu zokudlidliza ezijule kakhulu ziyimbangela eyinhloko yokuqhekeka okuphambene;
B. Okuqukethwe kwe-(niobium, ne-aluminium) ensimbi kuyanda, okuyimbangela.
C. Ishubhu elingenalutho liyaqondiswa uma izinga lokushisa lingu-900-700℃.
D. Amandla okupholisa okwesibili makhulu kakhulu.

Isexwayiso:
A. Ikristali isebenzisa imvamisa ephezulu kanye ne-amplitude encane ukuze kuncishiswe ukujula kwezimpawu zokudlidliza endaweni engaphakathi ye-arc ye-slab;
B. Indawo yokupholisa yesibili isebenzisa isistimu yokupholisa ebuthakathaka ezinzile ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi izinga lokushisa elingaphezulu likhulu kuno-900 degrees ngesikhathi sokuqondisa.
C. Gcina izinga le-crystal liquid lizinzile;
D. Sebenzisa impushana yesikhunta ngokusebenza kahle kokugcoba kanye ne-viscosity ephansi.

Izimbangela zokuqhekeka kwenethiwekhi yendawo:
A. I-cast-temperature cast slab imunca ithusi ekubunjweni, bese ithusi libe uketshezi bese liphuma eduze kwemingcele yezinhlamvu ze-austenite;
B. Izakhi ezisele ensimbi (njengethusi, ithini, njll.) zihlala phezu kweshubhu zingenalutho futhi ziphumela ngaphandle eduze kwemingcele yokusanhlamvu;

Isexwayiso:
A. Ingaphezulu lecrystallizer ligcwele i-chromium ukuze kwandiswe ubulukhuni bobuso;
B. Sebenzisa inani elifanele lamanzi okupholisa esibili;
C. Lawula izakhi ezisele kunsimbi.
D. Lawula inani le-Mn/S ukuze uqinisekise ukuthi uMn/S>40. Ngokuvamile kukholakala ukuthi lapho ukujula kokuqhekeka okungaphezulu kweshubhu elingenalutho kungeqi ku-0. 5mm, imifantu izokwenziwa i-oxidized ngesikhathi senqubo yokushisisa futhi ngeke ibangele ukuqhekeka kwendawo epayipini lensimbi. Njengoba imifantu ebusweni be-tube engenalutho izobe i-oxidized kakhulu ngesikhathi sokushisa, imifantu ivame ukuhambisana nezinhlayiya ze-oxidation kanye ne-decarburization phenomena ngemva kokugoqa.