I-Carbon steel defect ibangelwa izinto zokusebenza, izinqubo kanye nokusebenza kwenqubo ye-carbon steel smelting kanye ne-rolling (forging), okufaka izibazi, ukuqhekeka, ukuncipha kwensalela, ungqimba, iphuzu elimhlophe, ukuhlukaniswa, ukufakwa okungezona okwensimbi, okufana ne-osteoporosis kanye ne-banded.

Ukubamba

Asikho isibazi kanye nesisekelo sensimbi esishisela insimbi noma izibazi ze-metalloid.Ezinye izitho zomzimba zixhumene nesisekelo, kwaba ulimi;ezinye azixhumene ne-matrix, i-scaly.Lesi sakamuva kwesinye isikhathi sivaliwe ngesikhathi sokucubungula, sakha imigodi.Izibazi zensimbi (cast) ezibangelwa isibazi ngokuvamile zinezinto eziphansi ezingezona ezensimbi ezibonakala ngeso lenyama.Ukulimala kwe-scarring kuthinta ngqo ikhwalithi nokubukeka kwezakhiwo zemishini yensimbi.Izibazi azivunyelwe phambi kwensimbi ephelile.I-scarring ingaba izingxenye zokugaya ukuze zilungiswe ngemuva kokulungiswa kosayizi wokugaya insimbi kufanele kuhlangabezane nezidingo ezijwayelekile.

Ukuqhekeka

Imifantu eyakhiwe ukuma futhi isho izizathu ezihlukahlukene, njengokuqhekeka, ukuqhekeka okuphambene, ukuqhekeka, ukuqhekeka, umugqa wezinwele, ukuqhuma (ukuqhuma okukhulu), i-rattle (i-Jiao crack), i-rolling kanye ne-shear crack bifida.Kusukela ekwenziweni kwensimbi, ukugingqika ekucubunguleni insimbi cishe yonke inqubo inezici ezidala ukuqhekeka.

Ukuncipha kwensalela

Insimbi encibilikisiwe ngesikhathi sokuqina, ngenxa yokuncipha kwevolumu ku-ingot noma ku-billet ayizange igcwaliswe ngokwanele ingxenye emaphakathi eyenziwe yi-tubular noma izimbobo zokuhlakazeka.Ngaphambi kokucutshungulwa okushisayo, ngenxa yokuthi ikhanda lokusika lincane kakhulu noma ama-craters ajulile, okubangela ukukhishwa okungapheli, ingxenye esele ibizwa ngokuthi i-residual shrinkage.Okusele kwasatshalaliswa ekushwabaneni enkabeni engenhla yengot, futhi ingot edlula phezulu ibizwa ngokuthi i-cratering.

I-stratified

Ukubopha futhi akuveli esakhiweni sezendlalelo ezimbili ze-substrate yensimbi.I-stratification ngokuvamile ehambisana nokucutshungulwa kwengcindezi yangaphezulu, esigabeni sobude imigqa emnyama evundlayo iyisifanekiso sokukhulisa okuphansi.Imifantu emikhulu enezendlalelo yenzeke ekuqhekekeni kuvame ukuba nensimbi, okungenayo insimbi kanye nezinto zokuhlukanisa ezinzima.I-ingot yensimbi ebulewe ingot ebilayo ama-craters kanye nezimbobo ekupheleni kwebhaluni nokuginqika (ukuqamba) ayikwazi ukushiselwa ndawonye ukukhiqiza ukuhlukaniswa.Ukufakwa okukhulu kwensimbi futhi kungaveza ukuhlukaniswa okuqinile kwezendlalelo.Ukwendlalelwa akuvunyelwe ezicini zensimbi kuthinta kakhulu ukusetshenziswa kwensimbi.

Iphuzu Elimhlophe

Ocezwini lokuhlola ukuvuza kwe-asidi emile mpo, ye-cross-sectional, awukho umthetho wobude obuhlukile bomugqa wezinwele.Izikhathi eziphansi ku-specimen transverse radial, ukugxila noma ukusatshalaliswa ngendlela engafanele, okumaphakathi nendawo, noma ukusuka endaweni yensimbi kunebanga elithile.Ukuphuka kwensimbi endaweni egqamile noma emide, eyindilinga noma emhlophe eyisiyingi.Isilinganiso esimaphakathi esingu-3 ~ 10mm.Ipuleti lensimbi ku-longitudinal, isici sokuphuka okuphambene alibonakali, kodwa ukuphuka kwethulwe ku-strip noma amachashaza amhlophe amise okweqanda ngo-z.Uma usebenzisa amasheke e-fracture amabala amhlophe, kungcono ukuthi uqale ucime ama-specimens futhi ucime.

Ukuhlukaniswa

Izingxenye zensimbi ezingalingani.Lesi senzakalo asiyona nje into evamile (njenge-carbon, i-manganese, i-silicon, isulfure, i-phosphorus) ukusatshalaliswa okungalingani, kodwa futhi ukufakwa okungeyona insimbi kanye nokufana kokusabalalisa igesi.Isizathu siwukuthi ukuhlukaniswa okuvela ngesikhathi sokuqiniswa kwensimbi encibilikisiwe, okubangelwa izihlukanisi zamakristalu.Ngokuvamile kuhlotshaniswa nezinga lokuhlukanisa ingot, insimbi, ukuncibilikisa kanye nezimo zokusebenza zokuphonsa.Izakhi ze-alloying, ukuhlukaniswa kokungcola namagesi, nezinga lokushisa lokusakaza kanye nesivinini sokusakaza, kulapho izinga lokuhlukaniswa libucayi kakhulu.Ngisho nensimbi esebenzisa i-electromagnetic stirring inganciphisa izinga lokuhlukaniswa.Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukwanda kokuhlanzeka kwensimbi kuyisinyathelo esibalulekile sokunciphisa ukuhlukaniswa.

Ukufakwa okungezona ezensimbi

Insimbi iqukethe ingxenye yensimbi kanye ne-substrate ehlukene yezinto ezingezona ezensimbi.Ibhubhisa ukuqhubeka kanye nezakhiwo ze-isotropic ze-matrix yensimbi.Ngokusho komthombo we-non-metallic inclusions ingahlukaniswa ibe yi-endogenous inclusions, inclusions yangaphandle kanye nezingxube zayo.I-endogenous inclusions i-deoxidation kanye nokusabela okuhlukahlukene ngokomzimba namakhemikhali okwenziwa ukwakheka kwamakristalu, ikakhulukazi i-oxygen yensimbi, isulfure, i-nitrogen, phakathi kwezinye izingxenye ezinomkhiqizo wokusabela.

Okuxekethile

Akuyona isampula ye-thermal etching phenomenon steel sectional tissue specimen.Ukushisa okushisayo esibonelweni sensimbi esiphambanweni, kunezimbotshana eziningi kanye nomgqugquzeli wamachashazi amnyama, okwenza lesi simo akusona izicubu eziminyene, okubizwa ngokuthi i-loose lapho enye yalezi zimbotshana namachashazi amnyama asatshalaliswa kulo lonke ucezu oluncane lokuhlola, lugxile phakathi nendawo lesi sikhungo sibizwa ngokuthi i-osteoporosis.Ukushisa okushisayo kumasampula e-longitudinal kubonise imigqa evulekile yobude obuhlukene, kodwa ukubheka ngokucophelela noma ukuqaphela ngengilazi ekhulisayo izikhathi ezingu-8 kuya kweziyi-10, enemigqa engashoni.I-Porosity yabonwa ngokuskena i-electron microscopy noma imigqa ingatholwa ama-distal dendrites awanazo izici ezingaphezulu amakristalu ensimbi.

Kuboshwe

Ngemuva kokucutshungulwa okushisayo kwensimbi enekhabhoni ephansi, i-microstructure ye-ferrite ne-pearlite parallel eduze kwesiqondiso sokugoqa, ukusatshalaliswa kwendawo, kwakha isakhiwo esinebhande lensimbi.Isakhiwo esihlanganisiwe siwukusebenza okungalingani kwezicubu zensimbi, izici zomthelela zensimbi, ezikhiqiza okokusebenza kwabobulili obuhlukile.Ibhande eliphansi lensimbi edonsayo, ukuqina kanye nokuncipha, ikakhulukazi umthelela omkhulu kuzakhiwo zemishini eziphambanayo.