Ukuzala ipayipi kuwuhloboipayipi lensimbi engenamthungonge-hot-rolled or cold-rolled ( cold drawn ), esetshenziselwa ukwakhiwa kwamasongo ajwayelekile okuthwala.Ububanzi bangaphandle bepayipi ngokuvamile buba ngu-25-180 mm kanye nobukhulu bodonga obungu-3.5-20 mm.Insimbi yokuthwala isetshenziselwa ukwenza ibhola, i-roller kanye namasongo okuthwala ensimbi.Amabhereli asebenza ngaphansi kwengcindezi enkulu kanye nokungqubuzana, kudinga ubulukhuni bensimbi obuqinile nobufanayo kanye nokumelana nokugqoka, kanye nomkhawulo wokunwebeka okuphezulu.Ukuthwala ukufana kokwakheka kwamakhemikhali ensimbi, okuqukethwe okungezona ezensimbi nokusabalalisa, ukusatshalaliswa kwama-carbides nezinye izidingo kuyizidingo eziqinile zazo zonke ukukhiqizwa kwensimbi kwelinye lamabanga ensimbi adinga kakhulu.

Insimbi enensimbi inezidingo zekhwalithi ephezulu yokuncibilika, okwamanje, futhi idinga ukulawula okuqinile kwesibabule, i-phosphorus, okuqukethwe kwe-hydrogen, kanye nokufaka okungezona ezensimbi kanye nama-carbides wenombolo, usayizi nokusabalalisa, ukufakwa okungeyona insimbi kanye nama-carbides njengenombolo, usayizi kanye impilo yesevisi yokusabalalisa yensimbi enethonya elikhulu, ngokuvamile elithwala ukwehluleka lingaphakathi kwe-carbide inclusions enkulu noma imifantu emincane ekhiqizwa eduze kwesandiso kuya.Okuqukethwe kwe-inclusions nokuqukethwe kwe-oxygen ensimbi kuhlobene eduze nokuqukethwe kwe-oxygen ephakeme, inani lezinto ezifakiwe, isikhathi sokuphila esifushane.Futhi i-carbide inclusions usayizi wezinhlayiyana ezinkulu, ukusatshalaliswa okufanayo okufanayo, impilo yesevisi ibe mfushane, kanye nobukhulu bayo, ukusatshalaliswa kanye nokusetshenziswa kwenqubo yokuncibilikisa kanye nekhwalithi yokuncibilikisa ihlobene eduze, manje equkethe ukukhiqizwa kwensimbi kanye nenqubo eyinhloko ukuqhubeka ukuphonsa inqubo yokuncibilikisa ye-EAF + ESR, kanye nenani elincane le-vacuum induction vacuum arc double vacuum noma + vacuum esetshenziswayo ngokuphindaphindiwe nobunye ubuchwepheshe ukuze kuthuthukiswe ikhwalithi yensimbi ethwalayo.

Njengoba ukuthwala kufanele kube nempilo ende, ukunemba okuphezulu, ukushisa okuphansi, isivinini esikhulu, ukuqina okuphezulu, umsindo ophansi, ukumelana nokugqoka okuphezulu nezinye izici, ngaleyo ndlela kudinga ipayipi elithwalayo kufanele libe: ubulukhuni obuphezulu, ubulukhuni obufanayo, umkhawulo ophezulu wokunwebeka, ophezulu. thintana namandla okukhathala, kufanele kube ukuqina, ukuqina kufanele kube ukumelana nokugqwala komkhathi wesigcobo.Ukuze kuzuzwe lezi zidingo zokusebenza, ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali ensimbi amabhere homogeneity, non-metallic ukufakwa okuqukethwe kanye nohlobo, usayizi nokusatshalaliswa carbides, decarburization ngenkani.Sekukonke okuthwele insimbi kuya kukhwalithi ephezulu, ukusebenza okuphezulu kanye nokuqondisa kwezinhlobo zezinhlobo eziningi.Insimbi enensimbi ngokwezici kanye nezindawo zohlelo lokusebenza ihlukaniswe yaba: insimbi ephezulu ye-carbon chromium enensimbi, insimbi ene-carburizing, insimbi enezinga lokushisa eliphakeme, insimbi engagqwali kanye nezinto ezikhethekile zokuthwala okukhethekile.Ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nezinga lokushisa eliphezulu, isivinini esikhulu, umthwalo omkhulu, ukugqwala, izidingo zokulwa nemisebe, kudingeka kuthuthukiswe uchungechunge lokusebenza okukhethekile kwensimbi entsha yokuthwala.Ukuze kuncishiswe okuqukethwe komoyampilo kwensimbi ethwalayo, ukuthuthukiswa kokuncibilika kwe-vacuum, ukuncibilika kwe-electroslag, ugongolo lwe-electron luncibilikisa ubuchwepheshe bokuncibilikisa insimbi.Inani elikhulu lokuncibilika kwensimbi ngokuncibilika kwe-arc, ukuze lithuthuke libe yizo zonke izinhlobo zesithando somlilo sokuqala saseCanada.