Mbiri yaChitoliro Chachitsulo Chakuda

William Murdock anatulukira njira yamakono yowotcherera mapaipi. Pogwiritsa ntchito migolo ya matope otayidwa anapanga chitoliro chosalekeza chopereka mpweya wa malasha ku nyali. Mu 1824 James Russell adavomereza njira yopangira machubu achitsulo omwe anali othamanga komanso otsika mtengo. Analumikiza nsonga za chitsulo chafulati kuti apange chubu, kenako amalumikiza mfundozo ndi kutentha. Mu 1825 Comelius Whitehouse anapanga njira ya "butt-weld", maziko opangira mapaipi amakono.

Chitoliro Chachitsulo Chakuda

Kukula kwa chitoliro chakuda chachitsulo

Njira ya Whitehouse idasinthidwa mu 1911 ndi John Moon. Njira yake inalola opanga kupanga mitsinje yosalekeza ya chitoliro. Anapanga makina omwe amagwiritsa ntchito luso lake ndipo mafakitale ambiri opangira zinthu adatengera. Kenako panafunika mipope yachitsulo yopanda msoko. Chitoliro chopanda msoko poyamba chinapangidwa pobowola dzenje pakati pa silinda. Komabe, zinali zovuta kuboola mabowo mwatsatanetsatane kuti atsimikizire kufanana mu makulidwe a khoma. Kuwongolera kwa 1888 kunapangitsa kuti pakhale bwino kwambiri poponya billet mozungulira pachimake cha njerwa zoyaka moto. Pambuyo pozizira, njerwayo idachotsedwa, ndikusiya dzenje pakati.

Kugwiritsa ntchito chitoliro chachitsulo chakuda

Mphamvu ya chitoliro chakuda chachitsulo imapangitsa kuti ikhale yabwino yonyamulira madzi ndi gasi m'madera akumidzi ndi m'matauni ndi machubu omwe amateteza mawaya amagetsi komanso kupereka mpweya wothamanga kwambiri ndi mpweya. Makampani amafuta ndi mafuta amagwiritsa ntchito chitoliro chachitsulo chakuda posuntha mafuta ochulukirapo kumadera akutali. Izi ndizopindulitsa, popeza chitoliro chachitsulo chakuda chimafuna chisamaliro chochepa kwambiri. Ntchito zina zamapaipi azitsulo zakuda zimaphatikizapo kugawa gasi mkati ndi kunja kwa nyumba, zitsime zamadzi ndi zimbudzi. Mipope yachitsulo yakuda sagwiritsidwa ntchito ponyamula madzi akumwa.

Njira Zamakono zachitsulo chakuda chakuda

Kupita patsogolo kwa sayansi kwapita patsogolo kwambiri pa njira yopangira mapaipi yopangidwa ndi Whitehouse. Njira yake ikadali njira yoyamba yopangira mapaipi, koma zida zamakono zopangira zomwe zimatha kutulutsa kutentha kwambiri komanso kupanikizika kwapangitsa kuti mapaipi azigwira ntchito bwino kwambiri. Kutengera kukula kwake, njira zina zimatha kupanga chitoliro chamsoko wowotcherera pamlingo wodabwitsa wa mapazi 1,100 pamphindi. Pamodzi ndi kuwonjezeka kwakukulu kwa kuchuluka kwa kupanga mapaipi achitsulo kunabwera kusintha kwabwino kwa chinthu chomaliza.

Kuwongolera Kwabwino kwa chitoliro chachitsulo chakuda

Kupanga zida zamakono zopangira zida zamagetsi ndi zida zamagetsi zomwe zidaloleza kuwonjezereka kodziwika bwino komanso kuwongolera bwino. Opanga amakono amagwiritsa ntchito zida zapadera za X-ray kuti zitsimikizire kuti makulidwe a khoma amafanana. Mphamvu ya chitoliro imayesedwa ndi makina omwe amadzaza chitoliro ndi madzi pansi pa kupanikizika kwakukulu kuti atsimikizire kuti chitolirocho chikugwira. Mapaipi omwe amalephera amachotsedwa.

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