Chitsulo delamination delamination ndi ozizira Chimaona ang'ambike pambuyo zitsulo mbale kudula moto ndi kuwotcherera zambiri mawonetseredwe ofanana, onse amene ali ming'alu pakati pa mbale. Kuchokera pakugwiritsa ntchito, mbale yachitsulo ya delaminated iyenera kuchotsedwa. Delamination yonse iyenera kuchotsedwa yonse, ndipo delamination yakomweko ikhoza kuchotsedwa kwanuko. Kuphulika kozizira kozizira kwa mbale yachitsulo kumawonetseredwa ngati kusweka pakati, komwe anthu ena amachitchanso "kusweka". Kuti zikhale zosavuta kusanthula, ndizoyenera kutanthauzira ngati "kuphulika kozizira". Chilemachi chitha kuthandizidwa ndi njira zowongolera komanso ukadaulo woyenera wowotcherera popanda kupukuta.

1. Chitsulo mbale delamination
Delamination ndi kusiyana kwapakati pazitsulo zachitsulo (billet), zomwe zimapangitsa kuti gawo lachitsulo likhale lopanda zitsulo. Ndi chilema chakupha muzitsulo. Chitsulo chachitsulo sichiyenera kuchepetsedwa, onani Chithunzi 1. Delamination imatchedwanso interlayer ndi delamination, yomwe ndi chilema chamkati chachitsulo. Miyendo mu ingot (billet), inclusions zazikulu zopanda zitsulo, zotsalira zotsalira zomwe sizikuchotsedwa kapena kupindika, komanso kulekanitsa kwakukulu kungayambitse stratification ya chitsulo, ndipo njira zochepetsera zochepetsera zowonongeka zimatha kukulitsa stratification.

2. Mitundu ya zitsulo mbale stratification
Kutengera zomwe zimayambitsa, stratification imadziwonetsera m'malo ndi mawonekedwe osiyanasiyana. Zina zimabisika mkati mwazitsulo, ndipo mkati mwake ndi ofanana kapena mofanana kwambiri ndi zitsulo; zina zimafikira pazitsulo zachitsulo ndikupanga zowonongeka ngati groove pamwamba pazitsulo. Kawirikawiri, pali mitundu iwiri:
Choyamba ndi kutsegula stratification. Chilema cha stratificationchi chikhoza kupezeka m'macroscopically pakuphwanyidwa kwachitsulo, ndipo nthawi zambiri chikhoza kufufuzidwanso m'mafakitale achitsulo ndi mafakitale opanga.
Yachiwiri ndi yotsekedwa stratification. Chilema cha stratification sichingawonekere pakuphwanyidwa kwachitsulo, ndipo n'zovuta kuchipeza muzopangapanga popanda 100% akupanga chilema cha chitsulo chilichonse. Ndi stratification yotsekedwa mkati mwa mbale yachitsulo. Vuto la stratification limatengedwa kuchokera ku smelter kupita kumalo opangira zinthu ndipo pamapeto pake amasinthidwa kukhala chinthu chotumizidwa.
Kukhalapo kwa zolakwika za delamination kumachepetsa makulidwe abwino a mbale yachitsulo m'dera la delamination kuti anyamule katunduyo ndipo amachepetsa mphamvu yonyamula katundu mofanana ndi delamination. Maonekedwe a m'mphepete mwa chilema cha delamination ndi chakuthwa, chomwe chimakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi kupsinjika ndipo chimayambitsa kupsinjika kwakukulu. Ngati pali kutsitsa mobwerezabwereza, kutsitsa, kutenthetsa, ndi kuziziritsa panthawi yogwira ntchito, kupanikizika kwakukulu kosinthika kumapangidwa m'dera lachisokonezo, zomwe zimabweretsa kutopa.

3. Njira yowunikira ming'alu yozizira
3.1 Njira yofanana ya kaboni-kuwunika kwa chizolowezi chozizira chachitsulo
Popeza kuuma ndi kuzizira kwa ng'anjo ya malo omwe amakhudzidwa ndi kutentha kumakhudzana ndi kapangidwe ka chitsulo, mankhwalawo amagwiritsidwa ntchito poyesa mosalunjika kukhudzidwa kwa ming'alu yozizira muzitsulo. Zomwe zili muzitsulo za alloy zimasandulika kukhala zofanana ndi carbon molingana ndi ntchito yake, yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chizindikiro cha kuyesa chizolowezi chozizira chachitsulo, chomwe ndi njira yofanana ndi mpweya. Kwa njira ya carbon yofanana ndi chitsulo chochepa cha alloy, International Institute of Welding (IIW) imalimbikitsa ndondomekoyi: Ceq(IIW)=C+Mn/6+(Cr+Mo+V)/5+(Ni+Cu)/ 15. Malinga ndi ndondomekoyi, mtengo wofanana wa carbon, umakhala wovuta kwambiri wa chitsulo chowotchedwa, ndipo zimakhala zosavuta kupanga ming'alu yozizira m'madera omwe amakhudzidwa ndi kutentha. Choncho, wofanana mpweya angagwiritsidwe ntchito kuwunika weldability zitsulo, ndi bwino ndondomeko zinthu kupewa kuwotcherera ming'alu akhoza akufuna malinga weldability. Mukamagwiritsa ntchito chilinganizo chomwe chimalimbikitsidwa ndi International Institute, ngati Ceq(IIW)＜0.4%, chizolowezi choumitsa sichili chachikulu, kutsekemera kwabwinoko ndikwabwino, ndipo kutentha sikufunika kusanachitike kuwotcherera; ngati Ceq (IIW)＝0.4%～0.6%, makamaka pamene ali wamkulu kuposa 0.5%, chitsulo n'zosavuta kuumitsa. Izi zikutanthauza kuti kuwotcherera kwawonongeka, ndipo kutentha kumafunika panthawi yowotcherera kuti zisawonongeke. Kutentha kwa preheating kuyenera kukulitsidwa molingana ndi kuchuluka kwa mbale.
3.2 Kuwotcherera kuzizira kozizira index
Kuwonjezera mankhwala zikuchokera, zomwe zimayambitsa ozizira ming'alu otsika aloyi mkulu-mphamvu zitsulo kuwotcherera zili ndi diffusible wa haidrojeni mu zitsulo waikamo, kupsyinjika maganizo olowa, etc. Ito neri Al. waku Japan adayesapo mitundu yopitilira 200 yazitsulo pogwiritsa ntchito kuyesa kwachitsulo kofanana ndi Y-yoboola pakati ndi ma formula omwe adafunsidwa monga index of cold crack sensitivity index yomwe idakhazikitsidwa ndi mankhwala, diffusible hydrogen, and constraint (kapena makulidwe a mbale) , ndipo adagwiritsa ntchito index of cold crack sensitivity index kuti adziwe kutentha kwa preheating kumafunika musanawotchererane kuti mupewe ming'alu yozizira. Ambiri amakhulupirira kuti chilinganizo chotsatirachi chingagwiritsidwe ntchito chitsulo chochepa cha alloy champhamvu kwambiri chokhala ndi mpweya wosapitirira 0.16% ndi mphamvu yowonjezereka ya 400-900MPa. Pcm=C+Si/30+Mn/20+Cu/20+Ni/60+Cr/20+Mo/15+V/10+5B (%);
Pc=Pcm+[H]/60+t/600 (%)
Ku=1440Pc-392 (℃)
Kumeneko: [H]——Haidrojeni wotayika wa zitsulo zoyikidwa muyeso woyezedwa ndi Japanese JIS 3113 standard (ml/100g); t——Kukhuthala kwa mbale (mm); Ku——Kutentha kocheperako kotentha kusanayambe kuwotcherera (℃).
Kuwerengera kuwotcherera ozizira crack sensitivity index Pc ya mbale zitsulo makulidwe, ndi osachepera preheating kutentha Kuti pamaso akulimbana. Mukawerengera zotsatira To≥50 ℃, mbale yachitsulo imakhala ndi kutsekemera kwina kozizira ndipo imayenera kutenthedwa.

4. Kukonzekera kwa "kuphulika" kozizira kozizira kwa zigawo zazikulu
Pambuyo pakuwotcherera kwachitsulo kumalizidwa, gawo la mbale yachitsulo limasweka, lomwe limatchedwa "delamination". Onani Chithunzi 2 pansipa cha morphology ya crack. Akatswiri akuwotcherera amakhulupirira kuti ndi koyenera kufotokozera njira yokonzanso ngati "njira yokonza kuwotcherera kwa Z-direction ming'alu yazitsulo". Popeza chigawocho ndi chachikulu, ndi ntchito yambiri kuchotsa mbale yachitsulo, ndiyeno kuwotcherera kachiwiri. Chigawo chonsecho chikhoza kukhala chopunduka, ndipo chigawo chonsecho chidzachotsedwa, zomwe zidzawononge kwambiri.
4.1. Zomwe zimayambitsa ndi kupewa ming'alu ya Z-directional
Mng'alu za Z-direction chifukwa cha kudula ndi kuwotcherera ndi ming'alu yozizira. Kuchuluka kwa kuuma ndi makulidwe a mbale yachitsulo, kumapangitsa kuti pakhale ming'alu ya Z-direction. Momwe mungapewere kuchitika kwake, njira yabwino ndikuwotchera musanadulidwe ndi kuwotcherera, ndipo kutentha kwa preheating kumadalira kalasi ndi makulidwe a mbale yachitsulo. Kutenthetsa kungathe kuchitidwa podula mfuti ndi zoyatsira zowotchera zamagetsi, ndipo kutentha kofunikira kuyenera kuyesedwa kumbuyo kwa malo otentha. (Zindikirani: Gawo lonse lachitsulo chodula zitsulo liyenera kutenthedwa mofanana kuti lisatenthedwe kutentha kwapafupi m'dera lomwe likukhudzana ndi gwero la kutentha) Kutentha kumatha kuchepetsa mwayi wa Z-direction ming'alu chifukwa cha kudula ndi kuwotcherera.
① Gwiritsani ntchito chopukusira ngodya pogaya mng'aluyo mpaka osawoneka, tenthetsani malo ozungulira powotcherera mpaka pafupifupi 100 ℃, ndiyeno gwiritsani ntchito kuwotcherera kwa CO2 (waya wa flux-cored ndiyabwino kwambiri). Pambuyo kuwotcherera wosanjikiza woyamba, nthawi yomweyo gwirani chowotcherera ndi nyundo ya chulucho, ndiyeno yesani zigawo zotsatirazi, ndikugogoda chowotcherera ndi nyundo pambuyo pa wosanjikiza uliwonse. Onetsetsani kuti kutentha kwa interlayer ndi ≤200 ℃.
② Ngati mng'aluyo ndi wakuya, tenthetsani malo ozungulira 100 ℃, nthawi yomweyo gwiritsani ntchito mpweya wa carbon arc kuti muyeretse muzu, ndiyeno gwiritsani ntchito chopukusira chopukutira mpaka zitsulo zonyezimira ziwonekere (ngati kutentha kwa chitsulo kumawonekera). kukonza weld ndi zosakwana 100 ℃, preheat kachiwiri) ndiyeno kuwotcherera.
③ Mukawotcherera, gwiritsani ntchito ubweya wa aluminiyamu silicate kapena asibesitosi kuti mutseke weld kwa ≥2 maola.
④ Pazifukwa zachitetezo, zindikirani zolakwika za akupanga pamalo okonzedwa.