20 # chitoliro chosasunthika chachitsulo ndi kalasi yazinthu zomwe zafotokozedwa mu GB3087-2008 "mipope yachitsulo yopanda waya yamagetsi otsika komanso apakatikati". Ndi chitoliro chapamwamba cha carbon structural steel seamless chitsulo chitoliro choyenera kupanga ma boilers osiyanasiyana otsika komanso apakatikati. Ndi wamba ndi lalikulu voliyumu zitsulo chitoliro zakuthupi. Pamene wopanga zida zowotchera amapanga chotenthetsera chotenthetsera chocheperako, zidapezeka kuti panali zolakwika zazikulu zopingasa mkati mwa ma mapaipi ambiri. The chitoliro olowa zakuthupi anali 20 zitsulo ndi mfundo za Φ57mm×5mm. Tinayang'ana chitoliro chachitsulo chong'ambika ndikuchita mayeso angapo kuti tichulukitsenso vutolo ndikupeza chomwe chinayambitsa ming'aluyo.

1. Kusanthula kwa mng'alu
Crack morphology: Zitha kuwoneka kuti pali ming'alu yambiri yopingasa yomwe imagawidwa motsatira njira yayitali ya chitoliro chachitsulo. Ming'alu imakonzedwa bwino. Mng'alu uliwonse uli ndi mawonekedwe a wavy, ndi kupotoza pang'ono ku mbali ya utali komanso palibe zokopa zautali. Pali mbali ina yokhotakhota pakati pa ming'alu ndi pamwamba pa chitoliro chachitsulo ndi m'lifupi mwake. Pali ma oxides ndi decarburization m'mphepete mwa ming'alu. Pansi pake ndi wosamveka ndipo palibe chizindikiro chakukula. Matrix a matrix ndi abwinobwino ferrite + pearlite, omwe amagawidwa mu gulu ndipo ali ndi kukula kwambewu 8. Chifukwa cha ming'alu chikugwirizana ndi kukangana pakati pa khoma lamkati la chitoliro chachitsulo ndi nkhungu yamkati panthawi yopanga chitoliro chachitsulo.

Malingana ndi maonekedwe a macroscopic ndi microscopic morphological of crack, zikhoza kuganiziridwa kuti ming'aluyo inapangidwa musanayambe kutentha komaliza kwa chitoliro chachitsulo. Chitoliro chachitsulo chimagwiritsa ntchito Φ90mm kuzungulira chubu billet. Njira zazikulu zomwe zimapangidwira ndikubowola kotentha, kugudubuza kotentha ndi kuchepetsa m'mimba mwake, ndi zojambula ziwiri zozizira. Njira yeniyeni ndi yakuti Φ90mm yozungulira chubu billet imakulungidwa mu chubu Φ93mm × 5.8mm yovuta, ndiyeno yotentha imakulungidwa ndikuchepetsedwa kukhala Φ72mm × 6.2mm. Pambuyo pickling ndi mafuta, woyamba ozizira kujambula ikuchitika. Mafotokozedwe pambuyo kujambula ozizira ndi Φ65mm×5.5mm. Pambuyo pa annealing wapakatikati, pickling, ndi mafuta, chojambula chachiwiri chozizira chikuchitika. Mafotokozedwe pambuyo kujambula ozizira ndi Φ57mm×5mm.

Malingana ndi kusanthula kwa ndondomeko yopangira, zinthu zomwe zimakhudza kukangana pakati pa khoma lamkati la chitoliro chachitsulo ndi kufa kwamkati makamaka ndi khalidwe la mafuta komanso zimagwirizananso ndi pulasitiki ya chitoliro chachitsulo. Ngati pulasitiki ya chitoliro chachitsulo ndi yosauka, kuthekera kwa kujambula ming'alu kudzawonjezeka kwambiri, ndipo pulasitiki yosauka imakhudzana ndi chithandizo chapakati chapakati chochepetsera kutentha. Malingana ndi izi, zimaganiziridwa kuti ming'alu ikhoza kupangidwa muzojambula zozizira. Kuonjezera apo, chifukwa ming'aluyo siili yotseguka kwambiri ndipo palibe chizindikiro chodziwikiratu cha kukulitsa, zikutanthauza kuti ming'aluyo sinakhudzidwe ndi chikoka chachiwiri chojambula pambuyo popangidwa, kotero izo zimatsimikiziranso kuti mwina nthawi yoti ming'alu ipangidwe iyenera kukhala njira yachiwiri yojambula yozizira. Zomwe zingayambitse kwambiri ndi kusapaka bwino kwamafuta komanso/kapena kusachepetsa kupsinjika.

Kuti adziwe chomwe chimayambitsa ming'alu, mayesero a kubala ming'alu anachitidwa mogwirizana ndi opanga zitoliro zachitsulo. Kutengera kusanthula pamwambapa, mayeso otsatirawa adachitidwa: Ngati njira zochepetsera zoboola ndi zowotcha zopukutira sizisintha, mafuta odzola ndi / kapena kupsinjika annealing annealing kutentha amasinthidwa, ndipo mapaipi achitsulo amawunikiridwa kuti yesetsani kuberekanso zolakwika zomwezo.

2. Ndondomeko yoyesera
Mapulani asanu ndi anayi oyeserera amaperekedwa posintha njira yothira mafuta ndi magawo a annealing process. Pakati pawo, nthawi yofunikira ya phosphating ndi mafuta odzola ndi 40min, kutentha kwapakatikati komwe kumafunikira kutentha ndi 830 ℃, ndipo nthawi yotchinjiriza yofunikira ndi 20min. Njira yoyesera imagwiritsa ntchito chojambula chozizira cha 30t ndi ng'anjo yochizira kutentha kwapansi.

3. Zotsatira za mayeso
Kupyolera mu kuyendera mapaipi achitsulo opangidwa ndi ndondomeko 9 pamwambayi, anapeza kuti kupatulapo ndondomeko 3, 4, 5, ndi 6, ziwembu zina zonse zinali ndi ming'alu yogwedezeka kapena yopingasa mosiyanasiyana. Pakati pawo, chiwembu 1 chinali ndi sitepe ya annular; ziwembu 2 ndi 8 zinali ndi ming’alu yopingasa, ndipo crack morphology inali yofanana kwambiri ndi yopezeka m’kupanga; ndondomeko 7 ndi 9 zinali zitagwedezeka, koma palibe ming'alu yopingasa yomwe inapezeka.

4. Kusanthula ndi kukambirana
Kupyolera mu mayesero angapo, zinatsimikiziridwa mokwanira kuti mafuta odzola komanso kuchepetsa kupanikizika kwapakati pa nthawi ya kuzizira kwa mapaipi achitsulo kumakhudza kwambiri ubwino wa mipope yachitsulo yomalizidwa. Makamaka, ndondomeko 2 ndi 8 zinabalanso zolakwika zomwezo pa khoma lamkati la chitoliro chachitsulo chomwe chimapezeka pakupanga pamwambapa.

Chiwembu 1 ndikujambula koyamba kozizira pa chubu la mayi lotenthedwa lotenthedwa popanda kupanga phosphating ndi mafuta. Chifukwa cha kusowa kwa mafuta, katundu wofunika panthawi ya zojambula zozizira wafika pamtunda waukulu wa makina ozizira ozizira. Kujambula kozizira kumakhala kovuta kwambiri. Kugwedezeka kwa chitoliro chachitsulo ndi kukangana ndi nkhungu kumayambitsa masitepe oonekera pakhoma lamkati la chubu, zomwe zimasonyeza kuti pamene pulasitiki ya chubu ya mayi ndi yabwino, ngakhale kujambula kosasunthika kumakhala ndi zotsatira zoipa, sikophweka chifukwa. ming'alu yopingasa. Mu Scheme 2, chitoliro chachitsulo chokhala ndi phosphating ndi mafuta osakwanira amakokedwa mosalekeza popanda kutsekeka kwapakatikati, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale ming'alu yopingasa yofananayo. Komabe, mu Scheme 3, palibe chilema chomwe chinapezeka pakujambula kosalekeza kozizira kwa chitoliro chachitsulo chokhala ndi phosphating yabwino komanso mafuta opaka popanda kupsinjika kwapakatikati, zomwe zikuwonetsa kuti kusapaka bwino ndiko chifukwa chachikulu cha ming'alu yopingasa. Mapulani 4 mpaka 6 ndikusintha njira yochizira kutentha ndikuwonetsetsa kuti mafuta abwino, ndipo palibe cholakwika chojambula chomwe chinachitika chifukwa cha izi, zomwe zikuwonetsa kuti kuchepetsa kupsinjika kwapakati sizomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale ming'alu yopingasa. Mapulani 7 mpaka 9 amasintha njira yochizira kutentha ndikufupikitsa nthawi ya phosphating ndi mafuta ndi theka. Zotsatira zake, mapaipi achitsulo a Scheme 7 ndi 9 ali ndi mizere yogwedezeka, ndipo Scheme 8 imapanga ming'alu yofanana yopingasa.

Kuwunika kofananiza komweku kukuwonetsa kuti ming'alu yopingasa idzachitika m'magawo onse awiri osapaka bwino + osayatsa wapakatikati komanso kusapaka bwino + kutentha kwapakatikati kwapakatikati. Pankhani ya kondomu osauka + wabwino wapakatikati annealing, mafuta abwino + palibe annealing wapakatikati, ndi kondomu wabwino + otsika wapakatikati annealing kutentha, ngakhale kugwedeza mzere zopunduka zidzachitika, yopingasa ming`alu sizichitika pa khoma lamkati la chitoliro zitsulo. Kuperewera kwamafuta ndiye chifukwa chachikulu cha ming'alu yopingasa, ndipo kuchepa kwapakatikati kwapakatikati ndikuyambitsanso.

Popeza kupsyinjika kwa chitoliro chachitsulo kumakhala kofanana ndi mphamvu yotsutsana, kutsekemera kosakwanira kumayambitsa kuwonjezeka kwa mphamvu yokoka komanso kuchepa kwa kujambula. Liwiro ndi lotsika pamene chitoliro chachitsulo chimakokedwa poyamba. Ngati liwiro ndi m'munsi kuposa mtengo wina, ndiye kuti, kufika pa bifurcation mfundo, mandrel adzabala kudzikonda okondwa kugwedera, chifukwa mizere kugwedeza. Pankhani ya mafuta osakwanira, kukangana kwa axial pakati pa pamwamba (makamaka mkati) chitsulo ndi kufa panthawi yojambula kumawonjezeka kwambiri, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti ntchito ikhale yovuta. Ngati kutentha kwa chitoliro cha chitsulo chotsatira kumachepetsa kutentha kwa chitoliro chachitsulo (monga pafupifupi 630 ℃ kuyesedwa) kapena kusakhala ndi annealing, ndikosavuta kuyambitsa ming'alu yapamtunda.

Malinga ndi mawerengedwe ongoganiza (otsika kwambiri recrystallization kutentha ≈ 0.4 × 1350 ℃), kutentha recrystallization 20 # zitsulo ndi za 610 ℃. Ngati kutentha kwa annealing kuli pafupi ndi kutentha kwa recrystallization, chitoliro chachitsulo chimalephera kukonzanso bwino, ndipo kuuma kwa ntchito sikumachotsedwa, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pulasitiki ikhale yosauka, kutuluka kwachitsulo kumatsekedwa panthawi ya mikangano, ndipo zigawo zamkati ndi zakunja zazitsulo zimakhala zovuta kwambiri. opunduka mosagwirizana, potero kutulutsa kupsinjika kwakukulu kwa axial. Chotsatira chake, kupsinjika kwa axial kwachitsulo chamkati chachitsulo chachitsulo chachitsulo chimaposa malire ake, potero kumapanga ming'alu.

5. Mapeto
Kupanga ming'alu yopingasa pakhoma lamkati la chitoliro chachitsulo chopanda chitsulo cha 20# chimayamba chifukwa cha kuphatikiza kwamafuta osakwanira pakujambula komanso kusakwanira kwapakatikati kwapakatikati pothandizira kutentha kwapakatikati (kapena osatulutsa). Zina mwa izo, kusapaka mafuta m'thupi ndizomwe zimayambitsa, ndipo kuchepa kwapakatikati kwapakatikati (kapena kusakhala ndi annealing) ndiko chifukwa chothandizira. Pofuna kupewa zolakwika zofananira, opanga azifuna kuti ogwira ntchito m'mashopuwo azitsatira mosamalitsa malangizo aukadaulo okhudzana ndi mafuta ndi kutentha popanga. Komanso, popeza wodzigudubuza-pansi mosalekeza annealing ng'anjo ndi mosalekeza annealing ng'anjo, ngakhale yabwino ndi mofulumira katundu ndi kutsitsa, n'zovuta kulamulira kutentha ndi liwiro la zipangizo za specifications osiyana ndi makulidwe mu ng'anjo. Ngati sichitsatiridwa mosamalitsa molingana ndi malamulo, n'zosavuta kuyambitsa kutentha kwa annealing kapena nthawi yochepa kwambiri, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale kusakwanira kwa recrystallization, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale zolakwika pakupanga kotsatira. Choncho, opanga omwe amagwiritsa ntchito ng'anjo zowotcha zopitirira-pansi zopangira kutentha ayenera kuyang'anira zofunikira zosiyanasiyana ndi ntchito zenizeni za chithandizo cha kutentha.