Choyamba, kuchepetsa Kutentha kutentha.

Nthawi zambiri, kuzimitsa Kutentha kutentha kwa hypereutectoid mpweya zitsulo ndi 30 ~ 50 ℃ pamwamba Ac3, ndi quenching Kutentha kutentha kwa eutectoid ndi hypereutectoid mpweya zitsulo ndi 30 ~ 50 ℃ pamwamba Ac1. Komabe, kafukufuku m'zaka zaposachedwa watsimikizira kuti kutentha ndi kuzimitsa chitsulo cha hypoeutectoid m'chigawo cha α + γ cha magawo awiri otsika pang'ono kuposa Ac3 (ie, kutentha kwapang'onopang'ono) kumatha kupititsa patsogolo mphamvu ndi kulimba kwachitsulo, kuchepetsa kutentha kwachiphuphu. , ndi kuthetsa kupsa mtima. Kutentha kwa kutentha kwa kuzimitsa kumatha kuchepetsedwa ndi 40 ° C. Kugwiritsa ntchito kutentha kocheperako kwakanthawi kochepa komanso kuzimitsa chitsulo chokhala ndi mpweya wambiri kumatha kuchepetsa mpweya wa austenite ndikuthandizira kupeza lath martensite ndi mphamvu zabwino komanso kulimba. Sikuti amangowonjezera kulimba kwake komanso amafupikitsa nthawi yotentha. Kwa magiya ena opatsirana, carbonitriding imagwiritsidwa ntchito m'malo mwa carburizing. Kukana kuvala kumawonjezeka ndi 40% mpaka 60% ndipo mphamvu ya kutopa ikuwonjezeka ndi 50% mpaka 80%. Nthawi ya co-carburizing ndi yofanana, koma kutentha kwa co-carburizing (850 ° C) ndikwambiri kuposa kwa carburizing. Kutentha (920 ℃) ​​ndi 70 ℃ kutsika, ndipo kungathenso kuchepetsa kutentha kwa kutentha.

Chachiwiri, kufupikitsa nthawi Kutentha.

Zochita zopangira zikuwonetsa kuti nthawi yotenthetsera yanthawi zonse yomwe imatsimikiziridwa potengera makulidwe ake a chogwirira ntchito ndiyosakhazikika, motero kuchuluka kwa kutentha α munjira yotenthetsera τ = α·K·D iyenera kukonzedwa. Malingana ndi ndondomeko ya mankhwala achikhalidwe, ikatenthedwa mpaka 800-900 ° C mu ng'anjo ya mpweya, mtengo wa α ukulimbikitsidwa kukhala 1.0-1.8 min / mm, yomwe ndi yosungira. Ngati mtengo wa α ukhoza kuchepetsedwa, nthawi yotentha imatha kufupikitsidwa kwambiri. Nthawi yotentha iyenera kutsimikiziridwa kudzera muzoyesera zotengera kukula kwa chitsulo chogwiritsira ntchito zitsulo, kuchuluka kwa ng'anjo yamoto, ndi zina zotero. Pamene magawo okonzedwa bwino atsimikiziridwa, ayenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito mosamala kuti apindule kwambiri zachuma.

Chachitatu, kuchepetsa kutentha kapena kuchepetsa kutentha.

Chotsani kutentha kwa chitsulo cha carburized. Mwachitsanzo, ngati pini ya piston yokhala ndi mbali ziwiri ya 20Cr steel loader imagwiritsidwa ntchito kuletsa kutenthedwa, kuchepetsa kutopa kwa wopsya mtima kumatha kuonjezedwa ndi 16%; ngati kutentha kwachitsulo chotsika cha carbon martensitic kuchotsedwa, pini ya bulldozer idzasinthidwa. Choyikacho chimakhala chosavuta kugwiritsa ntchito chitsulo chozimitsidwa cha 20 zitsulo (otsika carbon martensite), kuuma kumakhala kokhazikika pafupi ndi 45HRC, mphamvu ya mankhwala ndi kukana kuvala kumakhala bwino kwambiri, ndipo khalidweli ndi lokhazikika; mkulu-liwiro zitsulo amachepetsa chiwerengero cha temperings, monga W18Cr4V zitsulo makina anaona masamba kuti ntchito imodzi kutentha Moto (560 ℃ × 1h) m'malo chikhalidwe katatu tempering wa 560 ℃ × 1h, ndi moyo utumiki chiwonjezeke ndi 40%.

Chachinayi, gwiritsani ntchito kutentha kwapansi ndi kwapakati m'malo motentha kwambiri.

Chitsulo chapakati cha carbon kapena carbon alloy structural steel chimagwiritsa ntchito kutenthetsa kwapakatikati ndi kotsika m'malo motentha kwambiri kuti apeze kukana kwamphamvu kosiyanasiyana. Chitsulo cha W6Mo5Cr4V2 Φ8mm kubowola chimayikidwa pa kutentha kwachiwiri pa 350 ℃ × 1h + 560 ℃ × 1h pambuyo kuzimitsidwa, ndipo moyo wodula wa kubowola ukuwonjezeka ndi 40% poyerekeza ndi kubowola pang'onopang'ono katatu pa 560 ℃ × 1h. .

Chachisanu, moyenerera kuchepetsa kuya kwa seepage wosanjikiza

Njira yopangira kutentha kwa mankhwala ndi yaitali ndipo imagwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zambiri. Ngati kuya kwa kusanjikiza kolowera kumatha kuchepetsedwa kufupikitsa nthawi, ndi njira yofunikira yopulumutsira mphamvu. Kuzama kolimba kofunikira kunatsimikiziridwa ndi kuyeza kwa kupsinjika, komwe kunawonetsa kuti gawo lolimba lomwe lili pano linali lakuya kwambiri ndipo 70% yokha ya kuya kwamwambo kolimba kunali kokwanira. Kafukufuku akuwonetsa kuti carbonitriding imatha kuchepetsa kuya kwa wosanjikiza ndi 30% mpaka 40% poyerekeza ndi carburizing. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, ngati kuya kwapakati kumayendetsedwa mpaka kumunsi kwa malire a zofunikira zamakono pakupanga kwenikweni, 20% ya mphamvu ikhoza kupulumutsidwa, ndipo nthawi ndi mapindidwe amathanso kuchepetsedwa.

Chachisanu ndi chimodzi, gwiritsani ntchito kutentha kwakukulu ndi kutentha kwa vacuum mankhwala

Kutentha kwapamwamba kwa mankhwala opangira kutentha kumawonjezera kutentha kwa kutentha kwa mankhwala pansi pazifukwa zopapatiza pamene zipangizo zogwiritsira ntchito kutentha zimalola ndipo njere za austenite zazitsulo zomwe zimalowetsedwa sizimakula, motero zimafulumizitsa kwambiri kuthamanga kwa carburization. Kuchulukitsa kutentha kwa carburizing kuchokera ku 930 ℃ mpaka 1000 ℃ kumatha kukulitsa kuthamanga kwa carburizing nthawi zopitilira 2. Komabe, chifukwa pali mavuto ambiri, chitukuko chamtsogolo chimakhala chochepa. Vacuum mankhwala kutentha mankhwala ikuchitika mu negative-anzanu mpweya gawo sing'anga. Chifukwa cha kuyeretsedwa kwa workpiece pamwamba pansi pa vacuum ndi kugwiritsa ntchito kutentha kwapamwamba, mlingo wolowera ukuwonjezeka kwambiri. Mwachitsanzo, vacuum carburizing imatha kukulitsa zokolola ndi 1 mpaka 2 nthawi; pamene aluminiyamu ndi chromium alowetsedwa pa 133.3 × (10-1 mpaka 10-2) Pa, mlingo wolowera ukhoza kuwonjezeka ndi nthawi zoposa 10.

Chachisanu ndi chiwiri, ion mankhwala kutentha mankhwala

Ndi mankhwala ochizira kutentha kwa mankhwala omwe amagwiritsa ntchito kutulutsa kowala pakati pa workpiece (cathode) ndi anode kuti alowetse panthawi imodzi zinthu zomwe zimalowetsedwa mu gawo la gasi lomwe lili ndi zinthu zomwe zimayenera kulowetsedwa pansi pa mpweya umodzi. Monga ion nitriding, ion carburizing, ion sulfurizing, ndi zina zotero, zomwe zili ndi ubwino wothamanga mofulumira, khalidwe labwino, ndi kupulumutsa mphamvu.

Chachisanu ndi chitatu, gwiritsani ntchito kudziletsa kudziletsa

Kudziletsa kumagwiritsidwa ntchito m'malo motenthetsa m'ng'anjo. Popeza kutentha kwa induction kumagwiritsidwa ntchito kutumiza kutentha kunja kwa chigawo chozimitsa, kutentha kotsalira sikumachotsedwa panthawi yozimitsa ndi kuzizira kuti akwaniritse kutentha kwakanthawi kochepa. Choncho, imapulumutsa mphamvu kwambiri ndipo yakhala ikugwiritsidwa ntchito pazinthu zambiri. Pazifukwa zina (monga zitsulo za carbon high ndi high carbon high alloy steel), kuzimitsa kuphulika kungapewedwe. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, pamene ndondomeko iliyonse ya ndondomeko yatsimikiziridwa, kupanga misala kungatheke, ndipo phindu lachuma ndilofunika kwambiri.

Chachisanu ndi chinayi, gwiritsani ntchito preheating ndi kuzimitsa

Kutenthetsa ndi kuzimitsa pambuyo popanga sikungangochepetsa kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zamagetsi ndikuchepetsa kupanga, komanso kukonza magwiridwe antchito. Kugwiritsa ntchito kutentha kwa zinyalala pambuyo pakupanga + kutentha kwapamwamba kwambiri monga kukonzekereratu kumatha kuthetsa zophophonya za kuzimitsa zinyalala pambuyo pakupanga ngati njira yomaliza ya kutentha kwa njere zouma komanso kulimba kopanda mphamvu. Zimatenga nthawi yayifupi ndipo zimakhala ndi zokolola zambiri kuposa spheroidizing annealing kapena general annealing. Kuonjezera apo, Kutentha kwa kutentha kwapamwamba kumakhala kochepa kusiyana ndi kutsekemera ndi kutentha, kotero kungathe kuchepetsa kwambiri kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu, ndipo zipangizozo ndi zosavuta komanso zosavuta kugwira ntchito. Poyerekeza ndi normalizing ambiri, yotsalira kutentha normalizing pambuyo forging sangathe kusintha mphamvu ya chitsulo komanso kusintha pulasitiki toughness, ndi kuchepetsa ozizira Chimaona kusintha kutentha ndi notch tilinazo. Mwachitsanzo, 20CrMnTi zitsulo akhoza usavutike mtima pa 730 ~ 630 ℃ pa 20 ℃/h pambuyo forging. Kuzizira kofulumira kwapeza zotsatira zabwino.

Chakhumi, gwiritsani ntchito kuzimitsira pamwamba m'malo mozimitsa ndi kuzimitsa

Kufufuza mwadongosolo pazinthu (monga mphamvu zosasunthika, mphamvu za kutopa, kukana kambirimbiri, kupsinjika kotsalira kwamkati) kwachitsulo chapakati ndi chapamwamba cha carbon chokhala ndi mpweya wa 0.6% mpaka 0.8% pambuyo pa kuzimitsa kwafupipafupi kumasonyeza kuti kuzimitsa kulowetsedwa kungakhale amagwiritsidwa ntchito m'malo mwa carburizing. Kuzimitsa ndi kotheka kwathunthu. Tidagwiritsa ntchito zitsulo zozimitsa zitsulo za 40Cr zothamanga kwambiri popanga magiya a gearbox, m'malo mwa zitsulo zoyambira 20CrMnTi zozimitsa ndi kuzimitsa zitsulo, ndipo tidachita bwino.

11. Gwiritsani ntchito zotenthetsera zapafupi m'malo motenthetsa zonse

M'madera ena omwe ali ndi zofunikira zaumisiri wakomweko (monga ma giya osamva mphamvu ya shaft diameter, roller diameter, etc.), njira zotenthetsera zakomweko monga kutenthetsa ng'anjo yosambira, kutenthetsa kolowera, kutentha kwamphamvu, ndi kutentha kwa lawi zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito m'malo mowotcha monse. ngati ng'anjo zamabokosi. , imatha kukwaniritsa kulumikizana koyenera pakati pa mikangano ndi gawo la gawo lililonse, kuwongolera moyo wautumiki wa magawowo, komanso chifukwa ndikuwotchera komweko, kumatha kuchepetsa kwambiri kuzimitsa ndikuchepetsa kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu.

Timamvetsetsa bwino kuti ngati bizinesi ingagwiritse ntchito mphamvu moyenera ndikupeza phindu lalikulu lazachuma ndi mphamvu zochepa kumakhudza zinthu monga mphamvu ya zida zogwiritsira ntchito mphamvu, kaya njira yaukadaulo ndi yololera, komanso ngati kasamalidwe ndi sayansi. Izi zimafuna kuti tiganizire mozama kuchokera mwatsatanetsatane, ndipo ulalo uliwonse sungathe kunyalanyazidwa. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, popanga ndondomekoyi, tiyeneranso kukhala ndi lingaliro lonse ndikugwirizana kwambiri ndi phindu lachuma la bizinesi. Sitingathe kupanga ndondomekoyi chifukwa chongopanga ndondomekoyi. Izi ndizofunikira makamaka masiku ano ndi chitukuko chofulumira cha chuma cha msika.