Menene bakin karfe?
'Bakin Karfe' kalma ce da aka ƙera tun farkon haɓaka waɗannan karafa don aikace-aikacen yanke. An karbe shi azaman sunan gama gari don waɗannan karafa kuma yanzu ya ƙunshi nau'ikan ƙarfe da ƙira iri-iri don aikace-aikacen lalata ko oxidation.
Bakin ƙarfe ƙarfe ne na ƙarfe tare da ƙarancin chromium 10.5%. Ana ƙara wasu abubuwan haɗakarwa don haɓaka tsarin su da kaddarorin su kamar haɓakawa, ƙarfi da taurin cryogenic.
Wannan tsarin crystal yana sa irin waɗannan karafa ba su da ƙarfi kuma ba su da ƙarfi a ƙananan yanayin zafi. Don mafi girma taurin da ƙarfi, carbon an ƙara. Lokacin da aka ba da isasshen maganin zafi ana amfani da waɗannan karafun azaman wukake, yankan, kayan aiki da sauransu.
An yi amfani da adadi mai yawa na manganese a yawancin abubuwan ƙarfe na bakin karfe. Manganese yana adana tsarin austenitic a cikin karfe kamar yadda nickel yake yi, amma a farashi mai rahusa.
Babban abubuwa a cikin bakin karfe
Bakin ƙarfe ko ƙarfe mai jure lalata wani nau'in ƙarfe ne na ƙarfe wanda ake samu ta nau'i-nau'i iri-iri. Yana biyan bukatunmu na yau da kullun har yana da wahala a sami kowane fanni na rayuwarmu, inda ba ma amfani da irin wannan ƙarfe. Manyan abubuwan da ke cikin bakin karfe sune: baƙin ƙarfe, chromium, carbon, nickel, molybdenum da sauran ƙananan ƙananan ƙarfe.
Waɗannan sun haɗa da ƙarfe kamar:
- Nickel
- Molybdenum
- Titanium
- Copper
Hakanan ana yin abubuwan da ba na ƙarfe ba, manyan su ne:
- Carbon
- Nitrogen
CHROMIUM DA NICKEL:
Chromium shine sinadarin da ke sa bakin karfe ya zama bakin karfe. Yana da mahimmanci wajen samar da fim ɗin m. Wasu abubuwa na iya yin tasiri ga tasirin chromium wajen ƙirƙirar ko kiyaye fim ɗin, amma babu wani abu da kansa da zai iya ƙirƙirar kaddarorin bakin karfe.
A kusan 10.5% chromium, an kafa fim mai rauni kuma zai ba da kariya ta yanayi mai sauƙi. Ta hanyar haɓaka chromium zuwa 17-20%, wanda shine na al'ada a cikin nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in 300 na austenitic bakin karfe, kwanciyar hankali na fim din ya karu. Ƙarin haɓakawa a cikin abun ciki na chromium zai samar da ƙarin kariya.
| Alama | Abun ciki |
| Al | Aluminum |
| C | Carbon |
| Cr | Chromium |
| Ku | Copper |
| Fe | Iron |
| Mo | Molybdenum |
| Mn | Manganese |
| N | Nitrogen |
| Ni | Nickel |
| P | Phosphorous |
| S | Sulfur |
| Se | Selenium |
| Ta | Tantalum |
| Ti | Titanium |
Nickel zai daidaita tsarin austenitic (tsarin hatsi ko crystal) na bakin karfe da haɓaka kayan aikin injiniya da halayen ƙirƙira. Abun da ke cikin nickel na 8-10% da sama zai rage halayen ƙarfe don fashewa saboda lalatawar damuwa. Nickel kuma yana haɓaka repassivation idan fim ɗin ya lalace.
MANGANE:
Manganese, tare da haɗin gwiwar nickel, yana yin yawancin ayyuka da aka danganta ga nickel. Hakanan zai yi hulɗa tare da sulfur a cikin bakin karfe don samar da sulfites na manganese, wanda ke ƙara juriya ga lalata. Ta hanyar maye gurbin manganese da nickel, sannan a haɗa shi da nitrogen, ƙarfin kuma yana ƙaruwa.
MOLYBDENUM:
Molybdenum, a hade tare da chromium, yana da matukar tasiri wajen daidaita fim din da ba a so a gaban chlorides. Yana da tasiri wajen hana ɓarna ko ɓarna. Molybdenum, kusa da chromium, yana ba da haɓaka mafi girma na juriya na lalata a cikin bakin karfe. Edstrom Industries yana amfani da bakin karfe 316 saboda yana dauke da 2-3% molybdenum, wanda ke ba da kariya lokacin da aka kara chlorine a cikin ruwa.
KARBON:
Ana amfani da carbon don ƙara ƙarfi. A cikin darajar martensitic, ƙari na carbon yana sauƙaƙe taurin ta hanyar maganin zafi.
NITROGEN:
Ana amfani da Nitrogen don daidaita tsarin austenitic na bakin karfe, wanda ke haɓaka juriya ga lalata da kuma ƙarfafa ƙarfe. Yin amfani da nitrogen yana ba da damar haɓaka abun ciki na molybdenum har zuwa 6%, wanda ke inganta juriya na lalata a cikin yanayin chloride.
TITANIUM DA MIOBIUM:
Ana amfani da titanium da Miobium don rage hankalin bakin karfe. Lokacin da bakin karfe yana da hankali, lalatawar intergranular na iya faruwa. Wannan yana faruwa ne ta hanyar hazo na chrome carbides a lokacin lokacin sanyaya lokacin da sassa suna walda. Wannan yana lalata yankin walda na chromium. Ba tare da chromium ba, fim ɗin m ba zai iya samuwa ba. Titanium da Niobium suna hulɗa tare da carbon don samar da carbides, suna barin chromium a cikin bayani don haka fim ɗin da ba zai iya zama ba.
KWANA DA ALUMIUM:
Copper da Aluminum, tare da Titanium, ana iya ƙara su zuwa bakin karfe don haɓaka taurinsa. Ana samun ƙarfi ta hanyar jiƙa a zafin jiki na 900 zuwa 1150 F. Waɗannan abubuwan suna samar da ƙananan ƙananan ƙarfe na tsaka-tsakin tsaka-tsakin tsaka-tsakin tsaka-tsakin tsaka-tsakin tsaka-tsakin tsaka-tsakin tsaka-tsakin tsaka-tsakin tsaka-tsakin tsaka-tsakin tsaka-tsakin tsaka-tsakin tsaka-tsakin tsaka-tsakin tsaka-tsakin tsaka-tsakin tsaka-tsakin tsaka-tsakin tsaka-tsakin tsaka-tsaki mai wuya a lokacin aikin jiƙa a yanayin zafi mai girma.
SULFUR DA SELENIUM:
Sulfur da Selenium ana kara su zuwa bakin karfe 304 don sanya shi injin kyauta. Wannan ya zama 303 ko 303SE bakin karfe, wanda Edstrom Industries ke amfani dashi don yin bawul ɗin hog, kwayoyi, da sassan da ba a fallasa su ga ruwan sha.
Nau'in bakin karfe
AISI TA BAYYANA MARAJIN NAN A TSAKANIN SAURAN:
Har ila yau, an san shi da "marine grade" bakin karfe saboda karuwar ikon da zai iya tsayayya da lalata ruwan gishiri idan aka kwatanta da nau'in 304. Ana amfani da SS316 sau da yawa don gina tsire-tsire masu sarrafa nukiliya.
304/304L KARFE KARFE
Nau'in 304 yana da ɗan ƙaramin ƙarfi fiye da 302 saboda ƙananan abun ciki na carbon.
316/316L KARFE KARFE
Nau'in 316/316L Bakin Karfe karfe ne na molybdenum wanda ke da ingantaccen juriya ga rami ta hanyoyin da ke dauke da chlorides da sauran halides.
310S KARFE KARFE
310S Bakin Karfe yana da kyakkyawan juriya ga hadawan abu da iskar shaka a ƙarƙashin yawan zafin jiki zuwa 2000 ° F.
317L KARFE KARFE
317L molybdenum ne mai ɗauke da austenitic chromium nickel karfe mai kama da nau'in 316, sai dai abun ciki na gami a 317L ya ɗan fi girma.
321/321H KARFE KARFE
Nau'in 321 shine ainihin nau'in 304 wanda aka gyara ta hanyar ƙara titanium a cikin adadin aƙalla sau 5 na carbon da abun ciki na nitrogen.
410 KARFE KARFE
Nau'in 410 shine bakin karfe na martensitic wanda yake maganadisu, yana tsayayya da lalata a cikin mahalli masu laushi kuma yana da ingantaccen ductility.
DUPLEX 2205 (UNS S31803)
Duplex 2205 (UNS S31803), ko Avesta Sheffield 2205 bakin karfe ne na ferritic-austenitic.
KARFE KARFE KUMA ANA RABATA TA TSININ CRYSTALLINE SU:
- Austenitic bakin karafa ya ƙunshi sama da kashi 70% na yawan bakin karfe da ake samarwa. Sun ƙunshi iyakar 0.15% carbon, mafi ƙarancin 16% chromium da isassun nickel da/ko manganese don riƙe tsarin austenitic a duk yanayin zafi daga yankin cryogenic zuwa wurin narkewa na gami. A hankula abun da ke ciki ne 18% chromium da 10% nickel, wanda aka sani da 18/10 bakin ne sau da yawa amfani a flatware. Hakanan ana samun 18/0 da 18/8. ¨Superaustenitic 〃 bakin karfe, irin su alloy AL-6XN da 254SMO, suna nuna babban juriya ga rami na chloride da lalata saboda babban abun ciki na Molybdenum (> 6%) da ƙari na nitrogen da mafi girman abun ciki na nickel yana tabbatar da mafi kyawun juriya ga fashewar damuwa-lalata. sama da jerin 300. Babban abun ciki na gami da karafa na "Superaustenitic" yana nufin suna da tsada mai ban tsoro kuma ana iya samun irin wannan aikin ta amfani da karafa mai duplex akan farashi mai rahusa.
- Bakin karfe na Ferritic suna da juriya sosai, amma ba su da ƙarfi fiye da maki austenitic kuma ba za a iya taurare ta ta hanyar zafi ba. Sun ƙunshi tsakanin 10.5% da 27% chromium da ɗan ƙaramin nickel, idan akwai. Yawancin abubuwan haɗin sun haɗa da molybdenum; wasu, aluminum ko titanium. Makarantun jirgin ruwa gama gari sun haɗa da 18Cr-2Mo, 26Cr-1Mo, 29Cr-4Mo, da 29Cr-4Mo-2Ni.
- Bakin Karfe na Martensitic ba su da juriya da lalata kamar sauran azuzuwan biyu, amma suna da ƙarfi sosai da tauri gami da na'ura sosai, kuma ana iya taurare ta hanyar maganin zafi. Bakin karfe na Martensitic yana ƙunshe da chromium (12-14%), molybdenum (0.2-1%), babu nickel, da kusan 0.1-1% carbon (ba shi ƙarin tauri amma yana sa kayan ya zama ɗan karyewa). Yana kashewa da maganadisu. An kuma san shi da "jerin-00" karfe.
- Duplex bakin karfe suna da gauraye microstructure na austenite da ferrite, manufar ita ce samar da wani 50:50 mix ko da yake a cikin kasuwanci gami da mix na iya zama 60:40. Duplex karfe ya inganta ƙarfi a kan austenitic bakin karafa da kuma inganta juriya ga gida lalata musamman pitting, crevice lalata da danniya lalata fatattaka. Suna halin babban chromium da ƙananan abun ciki na nickel fiye da austenitic bakin karfe.
Tarihin Bakin Karfe
Wasu ƴan kayan tarihi na ƙarfe masu jure lalata sun rayu tun zamanin da. Shahararren misali (kuma mai girma) misali shine Iron Pillar na Delhi, wanda aka kafa ta hanyar Kumara Gupta I a cikin shekara ta AD 400. Duk da haka, ba kamar bakin karfe ba, waɗannan kayan tarihi suna da dorewar su ba ga chromium ba, amma ga babban abun ciki na phosphorus. wanda tare da yanayin yanayi mai kyau na gida yana haɓaka samuwar ƙwaƙƙwaran ƙaƙƙarfan shinge mai kariya na ƙarfe oxides da phosphates, maimakon mara kariya, fashewar tsatsa da ke tasowa akan yawancin aikin ƙarfe.
An fara gane juriyar juriyar baƙin ƙarfe-chromium a cikin 1821 ta wurin masanin ƙarfe na Faransa Pierre Berthier, wanda ya lura da juriyarsu daga harin wasu acid kuma ya ba da shawarar amfani da su wajen yankan. Duk da haka, masanan ƙarfe na ƙarni na 19 sun kasa samar da haɗin ƙananan carbon da babban chromium da aka samu a mafi yawan bakin karfe na zamani, kuma manyan chromium alloys da za su iya samarwa sun yi rauni sosai don samun sha'awa.
Wannan yanayin ya canza a ƙarshen 1890s, lokacin da Hans Goldschmidt na Jamus ya haɓaka tsarin aluminothermic (thermite) don samar da chromium maras carbon. A cikin shekarun 1904 zuwa 1911, masu bincike da yawa, musamman Leon Guillet na Faransa, sun shirya allunan da za a ɗauke su da bakin karfe. A cikin 1911, Philip Monnartz na Jamus ya ba da rahoto game da alakar da ke tsakanin abubuwan da ke cikin chromium da juriya na lalata waɗannan gami.
Harry Brearley na dakin bincike na Brown-Firth a Sheffield, Ingila an fi la'akari da shi a matsayin "mai ƙirƙira" na bakin karfe.
karfe. A shekara ta 1913, yayin da yake neman abin da zai iya jurewa zaizayarwa ga gangunan bindiga, ya gano kuma daga baya ya ƙera wani gawa na bakin karfe na martensitic. Duk da haka, irin wannan ci gaban masana'antu yana faruwa a lokaci guda a Krupp Iron Works a Jamus, inda Eduard Maurer da Benno Strauss ke haɓaka kayan haɗin gwiwa (21% chromium, 7% nickel), da kuma a Amurka, inda Christian Dantsizen da Frederick Becket. sun kasance masana'antar ferritic bakin karfe.
Da fatan za a lura cewa kuna iya sha'awar sauran labaran fasaha da muka buga:
Lokacin aikawa: Juni-16-2022