1. Rashin isasshen cika kusurwoyi na karfe
Halayen lahani na rashin cika kusurwoyi na karfe: Rashin isasshen cika ramukan samfuran da aka gama yana haifar da ƙarancin ƙarfe a gefuna da kusurwoyi na ƙarfe, wanda ake kira rashin cika kusurwoyi na ƙarfe. Fuskar sa ba ta da ƙarfi, galibi tare da tsayi duka, kuma wasu suna bayyana a cikin gida ko na ɗan lokaci.
Abubuwan da ke haifar da rashin isasshen cika kusurwoyi na ƙarfe: Abubuwan halayen halayen nau'in rami, gefuna da sasanninta na birgima ba za a iya sarrafa su ba; gyare-gyare mara kyau da aiki na mirgina, da rarraba rashin hankali na raguwa. Rage kusurwoyi ƙanana ne, ko kuma tsawo na kowane ɓangaren ɓangaren da aka yi birgima bai dace ba, yana haifar da raguwa mai yawa; nau'in rami ko farantin jagora yana sawa sosai, farantin jagora yana da faɗi da yawa ko shigar da shi ba daidai ba; yawan zafin jiki na yanki na birgima yana da ƙasa, ƙananan filastik na ƙarfe ba shi da kyau, kuma kusurwoyi na nau'in rami ba su da sauƙin cikawa; yanki na birgima yana da mummunan lanƙwasawa na gida, kuma yana da sauƙi don samar da ƙarancin ƙarancin sasanninta bayan mirgina.
Hanyoyin sarrafawa don rashin wadatar kusurwoyi na karfe: Inganta nau'in nau'in ramin, ƙarfafa aikin daidaitawa na mirgina, da kuma rarraba raguwa; shigar da na'urar jagora daidai, kuma maye gurbin nau'in ramin da aka sawa sosai da farantin jagora cikin lokaci; daidaita raguwa bisa ga zafin jiki na birgima don yin gefuna da sasanninta da kyau cika.

2. Girman karfe daga juriya
Halayen lahani na girman karfe daga juriya: Kalmomi gabaɗaya don ma'auni na geometric na sashin ƙarfe waɗanda ba su cika buƙatun ma'auni ba. Lokacin da bambanci daga daidaitattun girman ya yi girma, zai bayyana mara kyau. Akwai nau'ikan lahani da yawa, galibi ana kiran su bisa ga wuri da matakin haƙuri. Irin su juriya na waje, juriya mai tsayi, da sauransu.
Dalilan girman girman karfe daga juriya: Tsarin rami mara ma'ana; Rashin daidaituwar ramuka, rashin dacewa da sabbin ramuka da tsofaffi; Rashin ƙarancin shigarwa na sassa daban-daban na injin mirgina (ciki har da na'urorin jagora), fashewar turmi mai aminci; Daidaita mara kyau na injin mirgina; Rashin daidaituwar zafin jiki na billet, rashin daidaituwar zafin jiki na yanki ɗaya yana haifar da ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙarfe ba daidai ba ne, kuma tsayin ƙarancin ƙarancin ƙarfe ba ya daidaita kuma yana da girma sosai.
Hanyoyin sarrafawa don jure juriya na girman sashin ƙarfe: Daidaita duk sassan injin mirgine; Inganta ƙirar rami da ƙarfafa aikin daidaitawa na mirgina; Kula da lalacewa na rami. Lokacin maye gurbin ramin da aka gama, yi la'akari da maye gurbin ramin gaba da aka gama da sauran nau'ikan ramuka masu alaƙa a lokaci guda bisa ga takamaiman yanayin; Haɓaka ingancin dumama billet ɗin ƙarfe don cimma daidaitattun zafin jiki na billet ɗin ƙarfe; Wasu abubuwa daban-daban-daban-daban na iya shafar wasu girman saboda canjin bangon yanki bayan canji, kuma za a iya sake cikar da lahani don kawar da lahani.

3. Tabon karafa
Halayen lahani na tabo mai mirgina karfe: Tushen ƙarfe da aka haɗa da saman ƙarfen saboda jujjuyawa. Siffarsa yayi kama da tabo. Babban bambanci daga tabo shi ne cewa siffar mirgina da rarraba a saman karfe yana da ƙayyadaddun lokaci. Sau da yawa babu haɗakar oxide mara ƙarfe a ƙarƙashin lahani.
Abubuwan da ke haifar da tabo a sassan ƙarfe: Ƙarƙashin mirgina yana da mummunar lalacewa da tsagewa, wanda ya haifar da rarraba tabo mai aiki na lokaci-lokaci a kan tsayayyen farfajiya na sashin karfe; Abubuwan ƙarfe na ƙasashen waje (ko ƙarfe da aka goge daga kayan aikin da na'urar jagora) ana matse su cikin saman kayan aikin don ƙirƙirar tabo; Ana haifar da kututtukan lokaci-lokaci ko ramuka a saman kayan aikin kafin ramin da aka gama, kuma ana samun tabo na lokaci-lokaci bayan mirgina. Dalilan dalilai na musamman shine rashin kulawar tsagi; ramukan yashi ko asarar nama a cikin tsagi; An buga tsagi da kayan aikin “black head” ko kuma yana da fage kamar tabo; aikin aikin yana zamewa a cikin rami, yana haifar da ƙarfe ya taru a saman yankin nakasar, kuma ana samun tabo mai jujjuyawa bayan mirgina; da workpiece an partially makale (scratched) ko lankwasa da inji kayan aiki kamar kewaye farantin, abin nadi tebur, da karfe juya inji, kuma rolling scars kuma za a samu bayan mirgina.
Hanyoyin sarrafawa don mirgina scars a kan sassan karfe: lokaci-lokaci maye gurbin ramukan da aka sawa sosai ko suna da abubuwa na waje akan su; a hankali duba saman tsagi kafin canza juzu'i, kuma kada ku yi amfani da ramuka tare da ramukan yashi ko alamomi mara kyau; haramun ne a mirgina baƙar karfe don hana faɗuwa ko bugi; lokacin da ake fama da hatsarurrukan danne karfe, a kula kada a lalata ramuka; kiyaye kayan aikin injin kafin da bayan injin mirgina sumul da lebur, sannan a girka da sarrafa su daidai don gujewa lalata guntun birgima; Yi hankali kada a danna abubuwa na waje a cikin saman birgima yayin mirgina; zafin zafi na billet ɗin ƙarfe bai kamata ya yi tsayi da yawa ba don guje wa birgima daga zamewa a cikin rami.

4. Rashin nama a sassan karfe
Halayen lahani na rashin nama a cikin sassan karfe: karfe ya ɓace tare da tsawon gefe ɗaya na ɓangaren giciye na sashin karfe. Babu alamar mirgina mai zafi na tsagi da aka gama a lahani, launi ya fi duhu, kuma saman ya fi na al'ada. Yawancin yana bayyana tsawon tsayi, wasu kuma suna bayyana a cikin gida.
Abubuwan da ke haifar da asarar nama a cikin karfe: Tsagi ba daidai ba ne ko kuma an shigar da jagorar ba daidai ba, wanda ya haifar da rashin ƙarfe a wani yanki na birgima, kuma ramin ba a cika ba yayin sake juyawa; ƙirar ramin ba shi da kyau ko kuma jujjuyawar ba daidai ba ne kuma injin mirgina an daidaita shi ba daidai ba, adadin ƙarfe na birgima da ke shiga cikin ramin da aka gama bai isa ba don kada ramin da aka gama ba ya cika; Matsayin lalacewa na gaba da ramukan baya ya bambanta, wanda kuma zai iya haifar da rasa nama; guntun birgima yana murɗawa ko lanƙwasawa na gida babba ne, kuma naman gida ya ɓace bayan sake jujjuyawa.
Hanyoyin sarrafawa don rasa nama a cikin karfe: Inganta ƙirar ramin, ƙarfafa aikin daidaitawa na mirgina, don haka ramin da aka gama ya cika sosai; ƙarfafa sassa daban-daban na injin mirgine don hana motsin axial na abin nadi, kuma shigar da na'urar jagora daidai; maye gurbin ramin da ya lalace sosai cikin lokaci.

5. Scratches akan karfe
Halayen lahani na ɓarna akan ƙarfe: An rataye yanki na birgima ta gefuna masu kaifi na kayan aiki da kayan aiki yayin mirgina mai zafi da sufuri. Zurfinsa ya bambanta, ana iya ganin kasan tsagi, gabaɗaya tare da gefuna masu kaifi da sasanninta, sau da yawa madaidaiciya, wasu kuma suna lanƙwasa. Single ko mahara, rarraba ko'ina ko wani bangare a saman karfe.
Abubuwan da ke haifar da fashewar ƙarfe: Ƙasa, abin nadi, canja wurin karfe, da kayan aikin jujjuya karfe a cikin wuri mai zafi suna da gefuna masu kaifi, waɗanda ke zazzage guntun birgima lokacin wucewa; farantin jagora ba a sarrafa shi da kyau, gefen ba shi da santsi, ko farantin jagora yana sawa sosai, kuma akwai abubuwa na waje kamar zanen ƙarfe mai oxidized a saman ɓangaren birgima; an shigar da farantin jagorar da ba daidai ba kuma an daidaita shi, kuma matsa lamba akan juzu'in da aka yi birgima ya yi girma sosai, wanda ke zazzage saman birgima; gefen farantin da ke kewaye ba shi da santsi, kuma guntun birgima yana karce lokacin da yake tsalle.
Hanyoyin sarrafawa don fashewar ƙarfe: Na'urar jagora, farantin da ke kewaye, bene, abin nadi na ƙasa, da sauran kayan aiki ya kamata a kiyaye su da santsi da lebur, ba tare da kaifi da sasanninta ba; ƙarfafa shigarwa da daidaitawa na farantin jagora, wanda bai kamata ya zama skeed ko maƙarƙashiya ba don kauce wa matsananciyar matsa lamba akan guntun birgima.

6. Karfe kalaman
Halayen lahani na igiyar ƙarfe: Raƙuman igiyoyin ruwa tare da tsayin shugabanci na sashin gida na ƙarfe saboda nakasar mirgina mara daidaituwa ana kiranta taguwar ruwa. Akwai na gida da masu tsayi. Daga cikin su, a tsaye wavy undulations na kugu na I-bim da tashar karfe ana kiransa waist taguwar ruwa; Matsakaicin tsayin daka na gefuna na ƙafafu na I-beams, tashar karfe, da ƙarfe na kusurwa ana kiran su raƙuman ƙafa. I-bim da karfen tashar tare da raƙuman kugu suna da kauri mara daidaituwa na tsayin kugu. A cikin lokuta masu tsanani, zoben ƙarfe da sifar harshe na iya faruwa.
Abubuwan da ke haifar da raƙuman sassan ƙarfe: tãguwar ruwa galibi ana haifar da su ne ta hanyar rashin daidaituwar haɓakar ƙididdiga na sassa daban-daban na yanki na birgima, wanda ke haifar da raguwa mai ƙarfi, wanda gabaɗaya yana faruwa a cikin sassa tare da haɓaka girma. Babban abubuwan da ke haifar da canje-canje a cikin tsawo na sassa daban-daban na yanki na birgima sune kamar haka. Rarraba raguwa mara kyau; nadi kirtani, tsagi rashin daidaituwa; mummunan lalacewa na tsagi na rami na gaba ko rami na gaba na biyu na ƙãre samfurin; m zafin jiki na birgima yanki.
Hanyoyin sarrafawa na raƙuman sassan karfe: Lokacin maye gurbin ramin da aka gama a tsakiyar mirgina, rami na gaba da rami na gaba na gaba na samfurin da aka gama ya kamata a maye gurbinsu a lokaci guda bisa ga halayen samfurin da takamaiman yanayi; ƙarfafa aikin daidaita mirgina, a hankali rarraba raguwa, da kuma ƙara sassa daban-daban na mirgina don hana tsagi daga kuskure. Yi tsayin kowane bangare na birgima uniform.

7. Karfe toshe
Halayen lahani na torsion na ƙarfe: Kusurwoyi daban-daban na sassan sassan kusa da axis na tsayi tare da tsayin daka ana kiran su torsion. Lokacin da aka ɗora murɗaɗɗen ƙarfe a kan madaidaicin dubawa, za a iya ganin cewa gefe ɗaya na ƙarshen ɗaya yana karkatar da shi, wani lokacin kuma ɗayan gefen ɗayan yana karkatar da shi, yana yin wani kusurwa tare da saman tebur. Lokacin da torsion yayi tsanani sosai, duk karfen ya zama "karkace".
Abubuwan da ke haifar da jujjuyawar ƙarfe: Tsarin da ba daidai ba da daidaitawar injin mirgina, layin tsakiya na rollers ba a kan jirgin sama ɗaya na tsaye ko a kwance ba, rollers suna motsawa cikin axially, kuma ramukan sun yi kuskure; ba a shigar da farantin jagora daidai ba ko kuma yana sawa sosai; zafin jiki na birgima ba daidai ba ne ko kuma matsa lamba ba daidai ba ne, yana haifar da rashin daidaituwa na kowane bangare; injin daidaitawa ba daidai ba ne; lokacin da karfe, musamman ma babban abu, yana cikin yanayi mai zafi, ana kunna karfe a gefe ɗaya na gado mai sanyaya, wanda ke da sauƙi don haifar da raguwa.
Hanyoyin sarrafawa don toshewar ƙarfe: Ƙarfafa shigarwa da daidaitawa na mirgina da farantin jagora. Kada a yi amfani da faranti masu sawa sosai don kawar da lokacin da ake birgima akan guntun birgima; ƙarfafa gyare-gyaren na'ura mai daidaitawa don cire lokacin torsional da aka ƙara zuwa karfe yayin daidaitawa; yi ƙoƙarin kada a juya karfen a ƙarshen gadon sanyaya lokacin da ƙarfe ya yi zafi don guje wa murɗawa a ƙarshen.

8. Lankwasawa na sassan karfe
Halayen lahani na lankwasawa na sassan karfe: rashin daidaituwa na tsawon lokaci ana kiransa lankwasawa. An sanya masa suna bisa ga sifar lanƙwasawa na ƙarfe, lanƙwasawa na uniform a cikin siffar sikila ana kiransa sickle lankwasawa; lankwasawa gabaɗaya a cikin siffar igiyar ruwa ana kiransa lanƙwasawa; lankwasawa gabaɗaya a ƙarshen ana kiransa gwiwar hannu; gefe ɗaya na ƙarshen kwana yana karkatar zuwa ciki ko waje (an birgima a cikin lokuta masu tsanani) ana kiransa lanƙwasawa.
Dalilan lankwasawa na sassan ƙarfe: Kafin daidaitawa: Rashin daidaita aikin mirgina ƙarfe ko rashin daidaituwar zafin jiki na birgima, wanda ke haifar da rashin daidaituwa na kowane ɓangaren birgima, na iya haifar da lanƙwasa sickle ko gwiwar hannu; Babban bambanci sosai a cikin manyan diamita na nadi da ƙananan, ƙirar da ba ta dace ba da shigar da ƙãrewar farantin jagorar fitarwa, na iya haifar da gwiwar hannu, lankwasa sikila ko lankwasa kalaman; Gado mai sanyaya mara daidaituwa, rashin daidaiton saurin rollers na gado mai sanyaya abin nadi ko sanyi mara daidaituwa bayan mirgina na iya haifar da lankwasa igiyar ruwa; Rarraba karfe mara daidaituwa a kowane bangare na sashin samfurin, saurin sanyaya yanayi mara daidaituwa, koda kuwa karfen ya mike bayan mirgina, lankwasa sikila a madaidaiciyar hanya bayan sanyaya; Lokacin zafi sawing karfe, tsanani lalacewa na gani ruwa, ma sauri sawing ko high-gudun karo na zafi karfe a kan abin nadi, da karo na karshen karfe tare da wasu protrusions a lokacin transverse motsi iya haifar da gwiwar hannu ko kwana; Rashin ajiyar ƙarfe mara kyau lokacin ɗagawa da matsakaicin ajiya, musamman lokacin aiki a yanayin zafi ja, na iya haifar da lanƙwasa iri-iri. Bayan daidaitawa: Baya ga kusurwoyi da gwiwar hannu, lanƙwasa igiyar igiyar ruwa da lanƙwasa sikila a cikin yanayin ƙarfe na yau da kullun ya kamata su sami damar cimma madaidaiciyar tasiri bayan aikin daidaitawa.
Hanyoyin sarrafawa don lanƙwasa sassan ƙarfe: Ƙarfafa aikin daidaitawa na injin mirgina, shigar da na'urar jagora daidai, da sarrafa yanki na birgima don kada ya kasance mai lankwasa yayin mirgina; ƙarfafa aikin aikin gandun daji mai zafi da kwantar da hankali don tabbatar da tsayin daka da kuma hana karfe daga lankwasa; ƙarfafa aikin gyare-gyare na na'ura mai daidaitawa, da kuma maye gurbin madaidaicin madaidaicin madaidaicin ko ramukan nadi tare da lalacewa mai tsanani a cikin lokaci; don hana lankwasawa yayin sufuri, ana iya shigar da baffle bazara a gaban abin nadi mai sanyaya; kula da zafin karfen da aka daidaita daidai da ka'idoji, kuma a daina daidaitawa lokacin da zafin jiki ya yi yawa; ƙarfafa ajiyar ƙarfe a cikin tsaka-tsakin ma'auni da kuma ƙayyadaddun sito na samfur don hana lankwasa ko lankwasa ƙarfen ta igiyar crane.

9. Siffa mara kyau na sassan karfe
Halayen lahani na siffar da ba daidai ba na sassan karfe: Babu wani lahani na karfe a saman sashin karfe, kuma siffar giciye ba ta dace da ƙayyadaddun buƙatun ba. Akwai sunaye da yawa don irin wannan lahani, wanda ya bambanta da nau'i daban-daban. Irin su oval na zagaye na karfe; lu'u-lu'u na square karfe; kafafun da ba su da kyau, ƙuƙwalwar ƙuƙwalwa, da rashin nama na tashar karfe; saman kusurwar kusurwar karfe yana da girma, kusurwar ƙananan ƙananan ƙafafu kuma ba daidai ba ne; Ƙafafun I-beam ba su da kyau kuma kugu ba daidai ba ne; kafadar karfen tashar ya ruguje, kugu yana da ma'ana, kugu yana da ma'ana, an fadada kafafu kuma kafafu suna daidai da juna.
Abubuwan da ke haifar da rashin daidaituwa na karfe: ƙira mara kyau, shigarwa, da daidaitawa na madaidaiciyar abin nadi ko lalacewa mai tsanani; ƙirar da ba ta dace ba na madaidaiciyar nau'in ramin nadi; tsanani lalacewa na madaidaiciyar abin nadi; ƙira mara kyau, lalacewa, da tsage nau'in ramin da na'urar jagora na birgima na ƙarfe ko ƙarancin shigarwa na na'urar jagorar ramin da aka gama.
Hanyar sarrafawa na nau'in nau'i na karfe ba daidai ba: inganta nau'in nau'in rami na madaidaicin abin nadi, zaɓi madaidaicin abin nadi bisa ga ainihin girman samfuran birgima; a lokacin da lankwasawa da kuma mirgina tashar karfe da mota dabaran net, na biyu (ko na uku) ƙananan madaidaiciya abin nadi a cikin gaba shugabanci na mikewa inji za a iya sanya a cikin wani convex siffar (convexity tsawo 0.5 ~ 1.0mm), wanda shi ne conducive don kawar da maƙarƙashiya lahani; karfen da ke buƙatar tabbatar da rashin daidaituwa na aikin aiki ya kamata a sarrafa shi daga mirgina; ƙarfafa aikin daidaitawa na injin daidaitawa.

10. Lalacewar Yankan Karfe
Halayen lahani na lahani na yankan karfe: Lalayoyi daban-daban da ke haifar da rashin yankewa gaba ɗaya ana kiran su da lahani. Lokacin amfani da juzu'i mai tashi don yanke ƙananan ƙarfe a cikin yanayi mai zafi, tabo mai zurfi daban-daban da siffofi marasa tsari a saman karfen ana kiran raunukan yanke; a cikin yanayin zafi, saman ya lalace ta hanyar tsintsiya, wanda ake kira raunin gani; bayan yankan, wurin yankan ba daidai ba ne zuwa ga axis na tsaye, wanda ake kira yankan bevel ko tsinken gani; ɓangaren raguwa mai zafi mai zafi a ƙarshen abin da aka yi birgima ba a yanke shi da tsabta ba, wanda ake kira gajeren yanke kai; bayan sanyin sanyi, wani ɗan ƙaramin tsage na gida yana bayyana akan farfajiyar shear, wanda ake kira tearing; bayan sarewa (shearing), filashin ƙarfe da aka bari a ƙarshen ƙarfen ana kiransa burr.
Abubuwan da ke haifar da lahani na yanke ƙarfe: Ƙarfe mai tsintsiya ba daidai ba ne zuwa ga igiya (launi) ko kuma kan abin birgima yana lankwasa da yawa; kayan aiki: ƙwanƙwasa saw yana da babban lanƙwasa, ƙwanƙwasa ya ƙare ko kuma ba a shigar da shi ba daidai ba, kuma rata tsakanin manyan ɓangarorin sama da ƙananan ya yi girma; juzu'in tashi ya fita daga daidaitawa; aiki: da yawa tushen tushen karfe suna sheared (sawn) a lokaci guda, an yanke kadan kadan a karshen, ba a yanke sashin shrinkage mai zafi mai zafi ba, da kuma rashin aiki daban-daban.
Hanyoyin sarrafawa don lahani na yankan karfe: Inganta yanayin abu mai shigowa, ɗaukar matakan don guje wa lankwasawa da yawa na shugaban yanki na birgima, kiyaye jagorar abu mai shigowa daidai da jirgin sama mai sausaya; inganta yanayin kayan aiki, yi amfani da igiyoyin gani ba tare da ƙarami ko ƙarami ba, zaɓi kauri mai kauri da kyau, maye gurbin tsinken tsintsiya (shear ruwan wukake) a cikin lokaci, kuma shigar daidai da daidaita kayan aikin shearing (sawing); ƙarfafa aikin, kuma a lokaci guda, kada a yanke tushen da yawa don guje wa tashin ƙarfe da faɗuwa da lankwasa. Dole ne a ba da garantin adadin cirewar ƙarshen da ake buƙata, kuma dole ne a yanke ɓangaren shrinkage mai zafi da tsafta don guje wa ɓarna iri-iri.

11. Alamar Gyara Karfe
Halayen lahani na alamun gyare-gyaren ƙarfe: ɓangarorin saman da aka haifar yayin aikin gyaran sanyi. Wannan lahani ba shi da alamun aiki mai zafi kuma yana da ƙayyadaddun lokaci. Akwai manyan nau'ikan guda uku. Nau'in rami (ko ramin gyara), nau'in sikelin kifi, da nau'in lalacewa.
Abubuwan da ke haifar da alamar gyaran ƙarfe: Madaidaicin ramin nadi mai zurfi, lankwasawa mai tsanani na karfe kafin daidaitawa, ciyar da ƙarfe mara kyau yayin daidaitawa, ko daidaitawar injin ɗin da ba daidai ba zai iya haifar da alamun daidaitawa nau'in lalacewa; Lalacewar gida ga madaidaicin abin nadi ko tubalan ƙarfe da aka ɗaure, ɓarkewar gida akan saman abin nadi, tsananin lalacewa na abin nadi ko zafin saman abin nadi, haɗin ƙarfe, na iya haifar da madaidaicin sikelin kifi a saman saman ƙarfe.
Hanyoyi masu sarrafawa don alamar gyaran ƙarfe: Kar a ci gaba da yin amfani da abin nadi mai daidaitawa lokacin da yake sawa sosai kuma yana da alamun daidaitawa mai tsanani; goge abin nadi mai daidaitawa cikin lokaci lokacin da wani yanki ya lalace ko kuma yana da shingen ƙarfe; lokacin da aka daidaita karfen kusurwa da sauran karfe, motsin dangi tsakanin madaidaicin abin nadi da farfajiyar tuntuɓar ƙarfe yana da girma (wanda ya haifar da bambancin saurin layi), wanda zai iya ƙara yawan zafin jiki na madaidaicin abin nadi kuma ya haifar da scraping, yana haifar da alamar daidaitawa. akan saman karfe. Saboda haka, ya kamata a zuba ruwan sanyi a saman abin nadi mai daidaitawa don kwantar da shi; inganta kayan abin nadi mai daidaitawa, ko kashe saman madaidaiciya don ƙara taurin saman da ƙara juriya.