Na farko, rage yawan zafin jiki na dumama.

Kullum, da quenching dumama zafin jiki na hypereutectoid carbon karfe ne 30 ~ 50 ℃ sama da Ac3, da kuma quenching dumama zafin jiki na eutectoid da hypereutectoid carbon karfe ne 30 ~ 50 ℃ sama Ac1. Duk da haka, bincike a cikin 'yan shekarun nan ya tabbatar da cewa dumama da quenching hypoeutectoid karfe a cikin α + γ biyu-lokaci yanki kadan kasa da Ac3 (watau sub-zazzabi quenching) na iya inganta ƙarfi da taurin karfe, rage gaggautsa zafin jiki. , da kuma kawar da karyewar fushi. Za a iya rage zafin zafi don kashewa da 40 ° C. Yin amfani da ƙananan zafin jiki mai sauri na ɗan gajeren lokaci dumama da quenching na babban carbon karfe zai iya rage carbon abun ciki na austenite da kuma taimaka samun lath martensite tare da mai kyau ƙarfi da taurin. Ba wai kawai yana inganta ƙarfinsa ba amma yana rage lokacin dumama. Ga wasu kayan aikin watsawa, ana amfani da carbonitriding maimakon carburizing. Juriya na lalacewa yana ƙaruwa da 40% zuwa 60% kuma ƙarfin gajiya yana ƙaruwa da 50% zuwa 80%. Lokacin haɗakarwa ya yi daidai, amma yawan zafin jiki (850 ° C) ya fi na carburizing. Yanayin zafin jiki (920 ℃) ​​yana da 70 ℃ ƙasa, kuma yana iya rage nakasar maganin zafi.

Na biyu, rage lokacin dumama.

Ayyukan samarwa yana nuna cewa lokacin dumama na al'ada da aka ƙaddara bisa ingantaccen kauri na kayan aikin yana da ra'ayin mazan jiya, don haka dumama coefficient α a cikin tsarin dumama riƙe lokaci τ = α · K · D yana buƙatar gyara. Dangane da sigogin tsarin kulawa na gargajiya, lokacin da aka yi zafi zuwa 800-900 ° C a cikin tanderun iska, ana bada shawarar ƙimar α don zama 1.0-1.8 min / mm, wanda yake da ra'ayin mazan jiya. Idan ana iya rage ƙimar α, ana iya rage lokacin dumama sosai. Ya kamata a ƙayyade lokacin dumama ta hanyar gwaje-gwajen bisa girman girman aikin ƙarfe na ƙarfe, adadin cajin wutar lantarki, da dai sauransu Da zarar an ƙaddamar da sigogin tsari da aka inganta, dole ne a aiwatar da su a hankali don cimma manyan fa'idodin tattalin arziki.

Na uku, soke fushi ko rage yawan zafin rai.

Soke zafin karfen da aka karye. Misali, idan aka yi amfani da fitin fistan carburized mai gefe biyu na 20Cr karfe loader don soke fushin, iyakar gajiyar mai zafin na iya karuwa da 16%; idan an soke tempering na low carbon martensitic karfe, da bulldozer fil za a maye gurbinsu. An sauƙaƙa saitin don amfani da yanayin da aka kashe na karfe 20 (ƙananan carbon martensite), taurin ya tsaya tsayin daka a kusa da 45HRC, ƙarfin samfurin da juriya sun inganta sosai, kuma ingancin ya tabbata; high-gudun karfe rage yawan temperings, irin su W18Cr4V karfe inji gani ruwan wukake cewa amfani da daya tempering Wuta (560 ℃ × 1h) maye gurbin gargajiya sau uku tempering na 560 ℃ × 1h, da kuma sabis rayuwa an karu da 40%.

Na hudu, a yi amfani da zafin jiki mai ƙanƙanta da matsakaici maimakon zafin zafi mai zafi.

Matsakaicin carbon ko matsakaici carbon alloy tsarin karfe yana amfani da matsakaici da ƙananan zafin jiki maimakon zafin zafin jiki don samun juriya mai tasiri mai yawa. A W6Mo5Cr4V2 karfe Φ8mm rawar soja bit ne hõre sakandare tempering a 350 ℃ × 1h + 560 ℃ × 1h bayan quenching, da kuma yankan rayuwa na rawar soja bit aka karu da 40% idan aka kwatanta da rawar soja bit tempered sau uku a 560 ℃ × 1h .

Na biyar, a hankali a rage zurfin zurfin ma'auni

Zagayowar maganin zafi na sinadarai yana da tsayi kuma yana cinye ƙarfi da yawa. Idan zurfin zurfin Layer Layer za a iya rage don rage lokaci, yana da mahimmancin hanyar ceton makamashi. An ƙaddara zurfin daɗaɗɗen daɗaɗɗen da ake buƙata ta hanyar auna damuwa, wanda ya nuna cewa mai tauri na yanzu yana da zurfi sosai kuma kawai kashi 70 cikin 100 na al'ada na al'ada na al'ada ya isa. Bincike ya nuna cewa carbonitriding na iya rage zurfin Layer da 30% zuwa 40% idan aka kwatanta da carburizing. A lokaci guda, idan an sarrafa zurfin shigar azzakarinsa zuwa ƙananan ƙayyadaddun buƙatun fasaha a cikin samarwa na ainihi, 20% na makamashi za a iya samun ceto, kuma lokaci da nakasar za a iya rage.

Na shida, yi amfani da babban zafin jiki da maganin zafin jiki na injina

Maganin zafi mai zafi mai zafi shine ƙara yawan zafin jiki na maganin zafin jiki a ƙarƙashin kunkuntar yanayi lokacin da kayan aikin zafin jiki ya ba da izini kuma ƙwayar austenite na ƙarfe da za a shiga ba sa girma, ta haka yana haɓaka saurin carburization. Ƙara yawan zafin jiki na carburizing daga 930 ℃ zuwa 1000 ℃ na iya ƙara saurin carburizing fiye da sau 2. Duk da haka, saboda har yanzu akwai matsaloli da yawa, ci gaban gaba yana da iyaka. Ana gudanar da maganin zafi na injina a cikin matsakaicin lokaci na iskar gas mara kyau. Saboda tsarkakewa na workpiece surface a karkashin injin da kuma yin amfani da mafi girma yanayin zafi, shigar azzakari cikin farji kudi ne ƙwarai da gaske. Misali, vacuum carburizing na iya ƙara yawan aiki da sau 1 zuwa 2; lokacin da aka shigar da aluminum da chromium a 133.3 × (10-1 zuwa 10-2) Pa, ana iya ƙara ƙimar shigar da fiye da sau 10.

Na bakwai, ion sinadarai maganin zafi

Yana da wani sinadaran zafi magani tsari da yin amfani da haske fitarwa tsakanin workpiece (cathode) da anode to lokaci guda kutsa cikin abubuwan da za a infiltrated a cikin wani gas-lokaci matsakaici dauke da abubuwa da za a infiltrated a wani matsa lamba kasa daya yanayi. Irin su ion nitriding, ion carburizing, ion sulfurizing, da sauransu, waɗanda ke da fa'idodin saurin shiga cikin sauri, inganci mai kyau, da ceton kuzari.

Na takwas, yi amfani da shigar da kai

Ana amfani da shigar da kai maimakon yin zafi a cikin tanderu. Tunda ana amfani da dumama induction don canja wurin zafi zuwa waje na quenching Layer, sauran zafin da ya rage ba a ɗauke shi ba yayin kashewa da sanyaya don cimma fushi na ɗan lokaci. Saboda haka, yana da ƙarfin ceton makamashi kuma an yi amfani dashi a aikace-aikace da yawa. A ƙarƙashin wasu yanayi (kamar babban ƙarfe na carbon da babban ƙarfe mai ƙyalli mai ƙyalli), ana iya guje wa ƙuƙuwa. Har ila yau, da zarar an ƙayyade kowane ma'auni na tsari, ana iya samun yawan samar da kayayyaki, kuma amfanin tattalin arziki yana da mahimmanci.

Na tara, yi amfani da preheating da quenching bayan ƙirƙira

Preheating da quenching bayan ƙirƙira ba zai iya rage yawan amfani da makamashi na zafin zafi ba da kuma sauƙaƙe tsarin samarwa, amma kuma inganta aikin samfurin. Yin amfani da bayan ƙirƙira sharar gida zafi quenching + high-zazzabi tempering kamar yadda pretreatment iya kawar da shortcomings na post-forging sharar zafi quenching a matsayin karshe zafi magani na m hatsi da matalauta tasiri taurin. Yana ɗaukar ɗan gajeren lokaci kuma yana da mafi girma yawan aiki fiye da spheroidizing annealing ko annealing gabaɗaya. Bugu da ƙari, Yanayin zafin jiki mai zafi yana da ƙasa fiye da na annealing da tempering, don haka zai iya rage yawan amfani da makamashi, kuma kayan aiki yana da sauƙi da sauƙi don aiki. Idan aka kwatanta da na yau da kullun, saura zafi normalizing bayan ƙirƙira ba zai iya inganta ƙarfin ƙarfe kawai ba amma kuma yana haɓaka taurin filastik, da rage zafin canjin sanyi-raguwa da ƙima. Misali, 20CrMnTi karfe za a iya mai tsanani a 730 ~ 630 ℃ a 20 ℃ / h bayan ƙirƙira. Saurin sanyaya cikin sauri ya sami sakamako mai kyau.

Na goma, yi amfani da quenching na saman maimakon carburizing da quenching

Nazarin tsari akan kaddarorin (kamar ƙarfin tsaye, ƙarfin gajiya, juriya mai yawa, damuwa na ciki) na matsakaici da babban ƙarfe na carbon tare da abun ciki na carbon na 0.6% zuwa 0.8% bayan babban mitar quenching yana nuna cewa quenching na iya zama. amfani da su partially maye gurbin carburizing. Quenching yana yiwuwa gaba ɗaya. Mun yi amfani da 40Cr karfe high-frequency quenching don kera gearbox gears, musanya ainihin 20CrMnTi karfe carburizing da quenching gears, da kuma samun nasara.

11. Yi amfani da dumama gida maimakon dumama dumama

Ga wasu sassa tare da buƙatun fasaha na gida (kamar diamita mai jujjuya gear shaft, diamita na abin nadi, da sauransu), hanyoyin dumama gida kamar dumama tanderun wanka, dumama induction, dumama bugun jini, da dumama harshen wuta ana iya amfani da su maimakon dumama gabaɗaya irin wannan. kamar akwatin murhu. , zai iya cimma daidaitattun daidaituwa tsakanin sassan sassauƙa da haɗin kai na kowane bangare, inganta rayuwar sabis na sassan, kuma saboda dumama na gida, yana iya rage raguwar nakasawa da rage yawan kuzari.

Mun fahimci sosai cewa ko kamfani zai iya amfani da makamashi bisa hankali kuma ya sami matsakaicin fa'idodin tattalin arziƙi tare da iyakanceccen makamashi ya haɗa da abubuwa kamar ingancin amfani da kayan aiki, ko hanyar fasahar aiwatarwa tana da ma'ana, da kuma ko gudanarwa na kimiyya ne. Wannan yana buƙatar mu yi la'akari sosai daga tsarin tsari, kuma ba za a iya watsi da kowace hanyar haɗi ba. A lokaci guda, lokacin tsara tsarin, dole ne mu kasance da ra'ayi gabaɗaya kuma mu kasance da haɗin kai tare da fa'idodin tattalin arziƙin kasuwancin. Ba za mu iya tsara tsarin ba kawai don ƙirƙira tsarin. Wannan yana da mahimmanci a yau tare da saurin bunƙasa tattalin arzikin kasuwa.