1. Kakaretso ea mabitso e fapane. Ho latela mekhoa e fapaneng ea ho etsa, liphaephe tsa tšepe li ka aroloa ka liphaephe tsa tšepe tse cheselitsoeng le lipeipi tsa tšepe tse se nang moroko. Liphaephe tsa tšepe tse nepahetseng li kenyelelitsoe liphaepheng tsa tšepe tse cheselitsoeng kapa liphaephe tsa tšepe tse se nang moeli, 'me tšireletso ea tsona e nyenyane. Liphaephe tsa tšepe tse nepahetseng ke liphaephe tsa tšepe tse hlalosoang feela ka boholo ba tsona ba mamello, boreleli, boima, le li-coefficients tse ling tsa litlhoko tsa tekheniki.

2. Mekhoa ea ho bopa e akaretsa libaka tse fapaneng. Liphaephe tsa tšepe tse nepahetseng hangata li entsoe ka ho kolobisoa ho batang, 'me theknoloji ea ho sebetsa hangata e ka laola ho nepahala ho phahameng le ho qeta holimo. Lipeipi tsa tšepe tse se nang moroallo hangata li bua ka lipeipi tsa tšepe tse entsoeng ka ho bilika ho chesang le ho phunyeha ha tšepe e chitja. Haeba mamello, boreleli, mahoashe, le litlhoko tse ling li sa hlalosoa, hangata li fetoha liphaephe tse tloaelehileng tsa tšepe tse chesang kapa tse huloang ke serame.

3. Litšobotsi tse ka sehloohong tsa liphaephe tsa tšepe tse nepahetseng ke ho nepahala ho phahameng, boreleli bo botle, le boleng bo botle ba holim'a metsi. Lipeipi tsa tšepe tse nepahetseng e ka ba lipeipi tsa tšepe tse se nang moroko, empa lipeipi tsa tšepe tse se nang moroko ha se hakaalo hore li na le lipeipi tsa tšepe tse nepahetseng. Sena haholo-holo se itšetlehile ka ho nepahala ha dimensional, ho hlaba holimo, ho boreleli, joalo-joalo ea pipe ea tšepe.

4. Liphaephe tse tloaelehileng tsa tšepe tse se nang moeli hangata li bua ka liphaephe tsa tšepe tse chesang tse chesang kapa tse huloang ke serame tse se nang litlhoko tse khethehileng tsa holim'a metsi. Bokaholimo ba lipeipi tsa tšepe hangata bo sootho bo lefifi, bo tsamaisana le sekala sa oxide kapa liphallelo.

5. Likarolo tse fapaneng tsa ts'ebeliso. Lipeipi tsa tšepe tse nepahetseng hangata li ka sebelisoa ka kotloloho likarolong tsa mochini, likarolo tsa koloi le lithuthuthu, lisebelisoa tse nepahetseng, sefofane, sefofane, le masimo a mang a nang le litlhoko tse phahameng tse nepahetseng. Liphaephe tse tloaelehileng tsa tšepe tse se nang seamed hangata li sebelisoa e le lisebelisoa tse tala tšimong ea machining le joalo ka liphaephe tsa mokelikeli le lipeipi tsa khase indastering ea lik'hemik'hale, matla a motlakase le masimo a mang.

6. Boholo ba bophara ba phala ea tšepe bo akaretsa mefuta e fapaneng. Liphaephe tsa tšepe tse se nang moroallo hangata ke tsa maemo a naha a bophara bo boholo, bo mahareng le bo bonyenyane, 'me ho na le li-diameter tse ngata tse kholo le tse mahareng. Liphaephe tsa tšepe tse nepahetseng hangata li na le li-diameter tse nyane le tse mahareng, tseo har'a tsona liphaephe tsa tšepe tse nepahetseng ka bophara bo nyane li fumanehang haholo setokong.

7. Litlhoko tsa ho etsa lipeipi tsa tšepe li fapane. Litlhoko tsa mamello bakeng sa liphaephe tsa tšepe tse se nang moeli li hloka feela ho finyella maemo a naha. Bonyane palo ea odara bakeng sa ho roala hot hangata e phahame. Bonyane bo akaretsang ba palo ea odara bo tloha ho lithane tse ngata ho isa ho tse makholo a lithane ho ea ka li-calibers tse fapaneng. Liphaephe tsa tšepe tse nepahetseng li na le litlhoko tse phahameng tsa ho mamellana 'me ka kakaretso li hloka ho etsoa ho latela litlhoko tsa bareki ba mamello. Palo e tlase ea odara e ea feto-fetoha, ho tloha ho lithane tse 'maloa ho isa ho tse ngata tsa lithane ho latela ho nepahala ha tšebetso le boholo ba caliber.

Ho akaretsa, ho na le liphapang pakeng tsa lipeipi tsa tšepe tse nepahetseng le lipeipi tsa tšepe tse se nang moroalo ho latela ho koaheloa ha mabitso, mokhoa oa ho theha, ho nepahala le boleng ba bokaholimo, boholo ba ts'ebeliso, boholo ba boholo, litlhoko tsa ho itlhophisa, joalo-joalo. Ho utloisisa phapang ena ho bohlokoa bakeng sa khetho e nepahetseng. le tšebeliso ea phala ea tšepe.