Mpweya wachitsulo wa carbon umayamba chifukwa cha zipangizo, njira ndi ntchito mu carbon steel smelting ndi rolling (forging) process, kuphatikizapo zipsera, ming'alu, shrinkage yotsalira, layered, white point, lections, non-metallic inclusions, monga osteoporosis ndi banded.

Kupweteka

Palibe zipsera ndi maziko zitsulo pamwamba weld zitsulo kapena metalloid chipsera midadada.Ziwalo zina za thupi zimalumikizidwa ndi tsinde, linali lilime;ena osalumikizana ndi matrix, mamba.Yotsirizira nthawi zina pa processing, kupanga maenje.Zipsera zachitsulo (zoponyedwa) zomwe zimachitika chifukwa cha chipsera nthawi zambiri zimakhala zocheperako zosakhala zachitsulo zomwe zimawonekera ndi maso.Zowonongeka zowonongeka zimakhudza mwachindunji ubwino ndi maonekedwe a makina azitsulo.Kuwombera sikuloledwa pamaso pa zitsulo zomalizidwa.Scarring kungakhale mbali akupera kukonza pambuyo kukonza zitsulo akupera kukula ayenera kukwaniritsa zofunika muyezo.

Mng'alu

Ming'alu yomwe imapangidwa ndi mawonekedwe ake ndikutchula zifukwa zosiyanasiyana, monga ming'alu, ming'alu, ming'alu, ming'alu, kuphulika (kuphulika kwakukulu), phokoso (Jiao crack), rolling and shear crack bifida.Kuchokera pakupanga zitsulo, kugubuduza muzitsulo zachitsulo pafupifupi njira iliyonse imakhala ndi zinthu zomwe zimayambitsa ming'alu.

Kuchepa kotsalira

Chitsulo chosungunuka panthawi yolimba, chifukwa cha kuchepa kwa voliyumu mu ingot kapena billet sichinakwaniritsidwe mokwanira ndi gawo lapakati lopangidwa ndi mabowo a tubular kapena kubalalitsidwa.Pamaso pa matenthedwe processing, chifukwa kudula mutu ndi yaing'ono kwambiri kapena craters zakuya, kuchititsa resection kosatha, yotsalayo amatchedwa yotsalira shrinkage.Chotsaliracho chinagawidwa mu shrinkage pamtunda wapamwamba wa ingot, ndipo ingot kupyolera pamwamba imatchedwa cratering.

Stratified

Kumangirira ndi kusawoneka pazigawo ziwiri za gawo lapansi lachitsulo.Stratification nthawi zambiri imakhala yofanana ndi kukhathamiritsa kwapamtunda, m'gawo lotalikirapo mizere yakuda imakhala yocheperako.Ming'alu yowumbika kwambiri imachitika m'mafractures amakhala ndi chitsulo, osaphatikiza zitsulo komanso zinthu zolekanitsa kwambiri.Anapha zitsulo ingot ingot otentha craters ndi mabowo ndi mapeto a baluni ndi anagubuduza (forging) sangathe welded pamodzi kubala stratification.Kuphatikizika kwakukulu muzitsulo ndipo kumatha kupanga kusanjika kwakukulu.Kuyika sikuloledwa mu zolakwika zachitsulo zimakhudza kwambiri kugwiritsa ntchito chitsulo.

White Point

Pachidutswa choyezera chachitsulo choyimirira, chodutsa-gawo la acid leaching, palibe lamulo lautali wosiyanasiyana watsitsi.Ndi nthawi zotsika pamawonekedwe opingasa ozungulira, okhazikika kapena osagawika mosakhazikika, pakati pamitundu yambiri, kapena kuchokera pamwamba pachitsulo amakhala ndi mtunda wina.Kuphulika kwachitsulo muzopingasa kapena kotalika, zozungulira kapena zozungulira zoyera zoyera.Avereji awiri a 3 ~ 10mm.Chitsulo mbale mu longitudinal, chopingasa kuthyoka khalidwe mawanga oyera si zoonekeratu, koma chothyoka anapereka mabala kapena chowulungika woboola pakati mawanga oyera z.Pamene ntchito fracture macheke woyera mawanga, ndi bwino choyamba kuzimitsidwa zitsanzo ndi kuzimitsidwa.

Kusiyanitsa

Zigawo zachitsulo zosagwirizana.Chodabwitsa ichi sichimangokhala chinthu chodziwika bwino (monga carbon, manganese, silicon, sulfure, phosphorous) kugawa kosagwirizana, komanso kusakanikirana kosagwirizana ndi zitsulo komanso kufanana kwa gasi.Chifukwa chake ndi chakuti tsankho lomwe limatuluka panthawi ya kulimba kwachitsulo chosungunuka, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti makristasi alekanitse.Nthawi zambiri kugwirizana ndi mlingo wa tsankho ingot, zitsulo, smelting ndi kuponyera ntchito zinthu.Zinthu zophatikizika, kulekanitsa zonyansa ndi mpweya, kutentha kwa kuponyera ndi liwiro loponyera, ndiye kuti tsankho limakhala lalikulu kwambiri.Ngakhale chitsulo chogwiritsira ntchito electromagnetic chipwirikiti chingachepetse kugawanika.Kuonjezera apo, kuwonjezeka kwa ukhondo wachitsulo ndi njira yofunikira yochepetsera tsankho.

Zosagwirizana ndi zitsulo

Chitsulocho chimakhala ndi chigawo chachitsulo ndi gawo lapansi lazinthu zosiyanasiyana zopanda zitsulo.Imawononga kupitiriza ndi isotropic katundu wa zitsulo masanjidwewo.Malinga ndi gwero la inclusions sanali zitsulo akhoza kugawidwa mu amkati inclusions, inclusions yachilendo ndi zosakaniza awo.Amkati inclusions ndi deoxidation ndi zosiyanasiyana thupi ndi mankhwala anachita ndi mapangidwe makhiristo, makamaka zitsulo mpweya, sulfure, nayitrogeni, mwa zigawo zina ndi anachita mankhwala.

Zomasuka

Osati wandiweyani matenthedwe etching phenomenon zitsulo zigawo zigawo minofu chitsanzo.matenthedwe etching pa zitsulo mtanda gawo chitsanzo, pali pores ambiri ndi wakuda madontho wolimbikitsa, kupereka chodabwitsa si wandiweyani minofu, wotchedwa lotayirira pamene mmodzi wa pores izi ndi madontho wakuda anagawira mu kagawo kakang'ono-mayeso, anaikira pakati pa pakati amatchedwa osteoporosis .Kutentha kwa kutentha m'zitsanzo zautali kunawonetsa mikwingwirima yotayirira ya utali wosiyana, koma kuyang'anitsitsa mosamala kapena kuyang'anitsitsa ndi galasi lokulitsa nthawi 8 mpaka 10, yopanda mizere yopanda kuya.Porosity idawonedwa ndi sikani ma electron microscopy kapena mikwingwirima imatha kupezeka ma distal dendrites alibe mawonekedwe amtundu wazitsulo.

Banda

Pambuyo processing matenthedwe a otsika mpweya zitsulo, ndi microstructure wa ferrite ndi pearlite kufanana pamodzi kugubuduza malangizo, zonal kugawa, anapanga zitsulo banded dongosolo.Kapangidwe ka banded kwenikweni ndi chitsulo minofu yosagwirizana, zomwe zimakhudzidwa ndi chitsulo, kupanga zida kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha.Zomangamanga zotsika chitsulo ductility, kulimba ndi kuchepetsa, makamaka kukhudza kwakukulu pamakina opingasa.