Yintoni intsimbi engatyiwayo?
'I-stainless' ligama elaqanjwa kwangethuba ekuphuhlisweni kwezi ntsimbi zokusetyenziswa kokusika. Yamkelwa njengegama eliqhelekileyo kwezi ntsimbi kwaye ngoku igubungela uluhlu olubanzi lweendidi zentsimbi kunye namabakala okusebenza kokubola okanye ukuxhathisa kwi-oxidation.
Iintsimbi ezingenasici zi-alloys zentsimbi kunye nobuncinci be-chromium ye-10.5%. Ezinye izinto ze-alloying zongezwa ukunyusa ukwakheka kwazo kunye neempawu ezifana nokubumba, amandla kunye nokuqina kwe-cryogenic.
Esi sakhiwo sekristale senza iintsimbi ezinjalo zingabi-magnetic kwaye zincinci kakhulu kumaqondo aphantsi. Ubunzima obuphezulu kunye namandla, ikhabhoni yongezwa. Xa ziphantsi konyango olwaneleyo lobushushu ezi ntsimbi zisetyenziswa njenge-razor blades, cutlery, izixhobo njl.
Ubungakanani obubalulekileyo bemanganese busetyenzisiwe kwiindlela ezininzi zentsimbi engenasici. I-Manganese igcina i-austenitic structure kwintsimbi njenge-nickel, kodwa ngexabiso eliphantsi.
Izinto eziphambili kwintsimbi engenasici
Insimbi engenasici okanye i-corrosion-resistant steel luhlobo lwe-alloy yensimbi efumaneka kwiifom ezahlukeneyo. Isebenzela iimfuno zethu eziphathekayo kangangokuba kunzima ukufumana nayiphi na indawo yobomi bethu, apho singasebenzisi olu hlobo lwentsimbi. Awona malungu aphambili entsimbi engatyiwa zezi: iron, chromium, carbon, nickel, molybdenum kunye nezixa ezincinci zezinye iintsimbi.
Ezi ziquka isinyithi ezifana:
- Nickel
- Molybdenum
- I-Titanium
- Ubhedu
Izongezo ezingezizo isinyithi nazo zenziwe, ezona ziphambili zezi:
- Ikhabhoni
- Nitrogen
I-CHROMIUM NE-NICKEL:
I-Chromium sisiqalelo esenza intsimbi engatyiwayo ingabina ntsimbi. Kubalulekile ekwenzeni ifilimu yokwenziwa. Ezinye izinto zinokuphembelela ukusebenza kwechromium ekwenzeni okanye ekulondolozeni ifilimu, kodwa ayikho enye into ngokwayo enokudala iimpawu zentsimbi engatyiwayo.
Malunga ne-10.5% yechromium, ifilimu ebuthathaka yenziwa kwaye iya kubonelela ngokhuseleko lomoya opholileyo. Ngokunyusa i-chromium ukuya kwi-17-20%, eqhelekileyo kwi-type-300 series of austenitic stainless steels, ukuzinza kwefilimu ye-passive kwanda. Ukunyuka okungaphezulu kumxholo wechromium kuya kubonelela ngokhuseleko olongezelelweyo.
| Uphawu | Isiqalelo |
| Al | Aluminiyam |
| C | Ikhabhoni |
| Cr | Chromium |
| Cu | Ubhedu |
| Fe | Intsimbi |
| Mo | Molybdenum |
| Mnu | IManganese |
| N | Nitrogen |
| Ni | Nickel |
| P | Iphosphorus |
| S | Isulfure |
| Se | Selenium |
| Ta | Tantalum |
| Ti | I-Titanium |
I-Nickel iya kuzinzisa isakhiwo se-austenitic (i-grain okanye i-crystal structure) yensimbi engenasici kunye nokuphucula iimpawu zomatshini kunye neempawu zokwenza. Umxholo we-nickel we-8-10% nangaphezulu uya kunciphisa ukuthambekela kwesinyithi ukuqhekeka ngenxa yoxinzelelo lwe-corrosion. I-Nickel iphinda ikhuthaze ukubuyisela kwakhona xa ifilimu yonakaliswa.
UMANGANESE:
I-Manganese, ngokubambisana ne-nickel, yenza imisebenzi emininzi eyenziwa yi-nickel. Iya kusebenzisana nesulfure kwintsimbi engatyiwayo ukwenza i-manganese sulfite, eyonyusa ukuxhathisa kwi-corrosion. Ngokufaka i-manganese endaweni ye-nickel, kwaye emva koko idibanise ne-nitrogen, amandla ayanda.
MOLYBDENUM:
I-Molybdenum, idibene ne-chromium, iyasebenza kakhulu ekuzinziseni ifilimu ye-passive phambi kwee-chlorides. Isebenza ngempumelelo ekuthinteleni ukuqhekeka okanye ukubola komngxuma. I-Molybdenum, ecaleni kwe-chromium, ibonelela ngokunyuka okukhulu kwi-corrosion resistance in stainless steel. I-Edstrom Industries isebenzisa i-316 engenastainless kuba iqulethe i-2-3% ye-molybdenum, enika ukhuseleko xa i-chlorine yongezwa emanzini.
Ikhabhoni:
Ikhabhoni isetyenziselwa ukwandisa amandla. Kwibakala le-martensitic, ukongezwa kwekhabhoni kuququzelela ukuqina ngokuphathwa kobushushu.
INITROGEN:
I-nitrojeni isetyenziselwa ukuzinzisa isakhiwo se-austenitic sensimbi engenasici, ephakamisa ukuchasana kwayo kwi-corrosion ye-pitting kunye nokuqinisa intsimbi. Ukusebenzisa i-nitrogen kwenza kube lula ukwandisa umxholo we-molybdenum ukuya kwi-6%, okuphucula ukuxhathisa ukubola kwiindawo zekloride.
I-TITANIUM NE-MIOBIUM:
I-Titanium kunye ne-Miobium zisetyenziselwa ukunciphisa i-sensitization yensimbi engenasici. Xa isinyithi esingenasici sivakaliswa, i-intergranular corrosion ingenzeka. Oku kubangelwa yimvula ye-chrome carbides ngexesha lokupholisa xa iinxalenye zidityanisiwe. Oku kuphelisa indawo ye-weld yechromium. Ngaphandle kwechromium, ifilimu ye-passive ayikwazi ukwenza. I-Titanium kunye ne-Niobium zisebenzisana nekhabhoni ukwenza i-carbides, ishiya i-chromium kwisisombululo ukuze ifilimu ye-passive ikwazi ukwenza.
UKWEPHA NEALUMINIM:
Ubhedu kunye ne-Aluminiyam, kunye ne-Titanium, inokongezwa kwintsimbi engenasici ukukhawulezisa ukuqina kwayo. Ukuqina kuphunyezwa ngokufunxwa kwiqondo lobushushu elingama-900 ukuya kwi-1150F. Ezi zinto zenza i-microstructure enzima ye-intermetallic ngexesha lenkqubo yokucwina kwiqondo lokushisa eliphakamileyo.
ISALFURE NESELENIUM:
I-Sulfur kunye ne-Selenium zongezwa kwi-304 engenasici ukwenza umatshini ngokukhululekileyo. Oku kuba yi-303 okanye i-303SE insimbi engenasici, esetyenziswa yi-Edstrom Industries ukwenza iivalve zehagu, amandongomane, kunye namalungu angavezwanga kumanzi okusela.
Iindidi zentsimbi engenasici
I-AISI ICHAZA LA MABANGA ALANDELAYO PHAKATHI KWAMANYE:
Ikwabizwa ngokuba yi "marine grade" yensimbi engenastainless ngenxa yokwanda kwesakhono sokumelana nokuthotywa kwamanzi etyuwa xa kuthelekiswa nohlobo lwama-304. I-SS316 isoloko isetyenziselwa ukwakha amaziko okulungisa inyukliya.
304/304L ENYITYIMA ENGENZI
Uhlobo lwe-304 lunamandla angaphantsi kancinci kune-302 ngenxa yomxholo wekhabhoni esezantsi.
316/316L ENYITYIMA ENGENZI
Uhlobo lwe-316/316L iStainless Steel yintsimbi ye-molybdenum enokumelana okuphuculweyo emigodini ngezisombululo ezinekloridi nezinye iihalides.
I-310S ENYITYIMA ENGENZI
I-310S Stainless Steel inokumelana okugqwesileyo kwi-oxidation phantsi kwamaqondo obushushu angaguqukiyo ukuya kuma-2000°F.
I-317L YINYIMBU ENGAZINZUZI
I-317L yi-molybdenum ethwele i-austenitic chromium nickel steel efana nohlobo lwe-316, ngaphandle komxholo we-alloy kwi-317L ungaphezulu.
321/321H INTSIMBI ENGENAMNCINCI
Uhlobo lwe-321 luhlobo olusisiseko lwe-304 oluguqulwe ngokudibanisa i-titanium kwisixa ubuncinane amaxesha ama-5 ekhabhoni kunye nemixholo ye-nitrogen.
410 INTAMBILI
Uhlobo lwe-410 yintsimbi ye-martensitic engenazibuthe, ixhathisa ukubola kwindawo epholileyo kwaye ine-ductility elungileyo.
I-DUPLEX 2205 (UNS S31803)
I-Duplex 2205 (UNS S31803), okanye i-Avesta Sheffield 2205 yintsimbi ye-ferritic-austenitic engenasici.
IZIZINTAMBU EZINGAGQIBANGA NAZO ZIKWAHLULWE NGOKWENKQUBO YAZO ESIMO:
- Iintsimbi ze-Austenitic stainless zibandakanya ngaphezu kwe-70% yemveliso yensimbi engenasici. Ziqulethe ubuninzi be-0.15% yekhabhoni, ubuncinane be-16% ye-chromium kunye ne-nickel eyaneleyo kunye / okanye i-manganese yokugcina isakhiwo se-austenitic kuwo wonke amaqondo okushisa ukusuka kummandla we-cryogenic ukuya kwindawo yokunyibilika kwe-alloy. Ukuqulunqwa okuqhelekileyo yi-18% ye-chromium kunye ne-10% ye-nickel, eyaziwa ngokuba yi-18/10 i-stainless isetyenziswa rhoqo kwi-flatware. Ngokufanayo i-18/0 kunye ne-18/8 iyafumaneka. ¨Superaustenitic〃 iintsimbi ezingenazintsimbi, ezifana nealloyi AL-6XN kunye ne-254SMO, zibonisa ukuxhathisa okukhulu kwimingxuma yekloridi kunye ne-crevice corrosion ngenxa yemixholo ephezulu ye-Molybdenum (>6%) kunye nezongezo ze-nitrogen kunye nomxholo ophezulu we-nickel uqinisekisa ukuxhathisa okungcono kwi-stress-corrosion cracking. phezu 300 series. Isiqulatho esiphezulu se-alloy yeentsimbi "ze-Superaustenitic" sithetha ukuba zibiza kakhulu kwaye ukusebenza okufanayo kunokufumaneka kusetyenziswa iintsimbi eziphindwe kabini ngexabiso eliphantsi kakhulu.
- Iintsimbi ezingenazintsimbi ze-Ferritic zixhathisa kakhulu ekumdleni, kodwa zinokomelela kakhulu kunamabakala e-austenitic kwaye azinakuqiniswa lunyango lobushushu. Ziqulethe phakathi kwe-10.5% kunye ne-27% yechromium kunye ne-nickel encinci kakhulu, ukuba ikhona. Uninzi lweengoma ziquka i-molybdenum; ezinye, i-aluminiyam okanye i-titanium. Amabakala aqhelekileyo e-ferritic abandakanya i-18Cr-2Mo, i-26Cr-1Mo, i-29Cr-4Mo, kunye ne-29Cr-4Mo-2Ni.
- Iintsimbi zeMartensitic azikwazi ukumelana nomhlwa njengezinye iindidi ezimbini, kodwa zomelele ngokugqithisileyo kwaye zomelele kwaye zinomatshini omkhulu, kwaye zinokuqiniswa lunyango lobushushu. Intsimbi ye-Martensitic iqulethe i-chromium (i-12-14%), i-molybdenum (0.2-1%), ayikho i-nickel, kunye ne-0.1-1% yekhabhoni (ukunika ubunzima obuninzi kodwa yenza izinto zibe lukhuni ngakumbi). Icinyiwe kwaye imagnetic. Ikwabizwa ngokuba yintsimbi ye "series-00".
- I-Duplex i-stainless steels ine-microstructure edibeneyo ye-austenite kunye ne-ferrite, injongo kukuvelisa umxube we-50: 50 nangona kwii-alloys zorhwebo umxube unokuba ngu-60:40. Intsimbi ye-Duplex iphucule amandla ngaphezu kweentsimbi ze-austenitic ezingenasici kwaye yaphucula ukuxhathisa kwi-corrosion yasekhaya ngokukodwa ukugoba, ukubola kwe-crevice kunye noxinzelelo lwe-corrosion cracking. Zibonakaliswa nge-chromium ephezulu kunye neziqulatho ze-nickel ezisezantsi kune-austenitic stainless steels.
Imbali yeStainless Steel
Izinto ezimbalwa ezikwaziyo ukumelana nokudleka kwentsimbi zisekho kwamandulo. Umzekelo odumileyo (kwaye mkhulu kakhulu) yiNtsika yeNtsimbi yaseDelhi, eyakhiwe ngomyalelo kaKumara Gupta I malunga nonyaka we-AD 400. Nangona kunjalo, ngokungafaniyo nensimbi engenasici, ezi zixhobo zihlawulela ukuqina kwazo kwi-chromium, kodwa kumxholo we-phosphorus ephezulu, leyo kunye neemeko zemozulu ezivumayo zasekuhlaleni zikhuthaza ukubunjwa komgangatho oqinileyo wokukhusela we-iron oxides kunye ne-phosphates, kunokuba ungakhuselekanga, umaleko werusi oqhekekileyo ophuhla kwizinto ezininzi zentsimbi.
Ukunganyangeki kwe-iron-chromium alloys kwaqatshelwa ngo-1821 yingcali yesinyithi yaseFransi uPierre Berthier, owaqaphela ukuxhathisa kwabo ekuhlaselweni ziiasidi ezithile kwaye wacebisa ukuba zisetyenziswe ekusikeni. Nangona kunjalo, i-metallurgists yenkulungwane ye-19 ayizange ikwazi ukuvelisa indibaniselwano yekhabhoni ephantsi kunye ne-chromium ephezulu efunyenwe kwiintsimbi zanamhlanje ezingenasici, kwaye i-alloys ephezulu ye-chromium ababenokuyivelisa yayinobunzima kakhulu ukuba ibe nomdla osebenzayo.
Le meko yatshintsha ekupheleni kweminyaka yoo-1890, xa uHans Goldschmidt waseJamani waphuhlisa inkqubo ye-aluminothermic (thermite) yokuvelisa ikhromium engenakhabhoni. Kwiminyaka ka-19041911, abaphandi abaliqela, ngakumbi uLeon Guillet waseFransi, balungisa iialloyi ezinokuthi namhlanje zithathwe njengentsimbi engatyiwayo. Ngowe-1911, uPhilip Monnartz waseJamani wanikela ingxelo ngonxulumano phakathi komxholo wechromium kunye nokumelana nomhlwa kwezi alloys.
UHarry Brearley weBrown-Firth labhoratri yophando eSheffield, eNgilani udla ngokubalwa ngokuba "ngumqambi" wezinto ezingenasici.
intsimbi. Ngomnyaka we-1913, ngelixa wayefuna i-alloy-resistant-resistant for gun barrels, wafumanisa kwaye emva koko wavelisa i-alloy yensimbi engenasici ye-martensitic. Nangona kunjalo, uphuhliso lwemizi-mveliso efanayo lwalusenzeka ngaxeshanye eKrupp Iron Works eJamani, apho uEduard Maurer noBenno Strauss babesenza ialloy yeaustenitic (21% chromium, 7% nickel), naseUnited States, apho uChristian Dantsizen noFrederick Becket. bebesenza imizi-mveliso ye-ferritic engenabala.
Nceda uqaphele ukuba unokuba nomdla kwamanye amanqaku obugcisa siwapapashe:
Ixesha lokuposa: Jun-16-2022