① Ubungakanani begama kunye nobukhulu bokwenyani

A. Ubungakanani begama: Bubukhulu obuqhelekileyo obuchazwe kumgangatho, ubungakanani obufanelekileyo obulindelwe ngabasebenzisi kunye nabavelisi, kunye nobungakanani bomyalelo obubonakaliswe kwikhontrakthi.

B. Ubukhulu obuyinyani: Yisayizi yokwenene efunyenwe kwinkqubo yokuvelisa, ehlala ikhulu okanye encinci kunobukhulu obuqhelekileyo. Lo mcimbi wokuba mkhulu okanye umncinci kunobukhulu begama ubizwa ngokuba kukutenxa.

② Ukutenxa kunye nokunyamezelana

A. Ukutenxa: Kwinkqubo yokuvelisa, kuba ubungakanani bokwenene bunzima ukuhlangabezana neemfuno zobukhulu obuqhelekileyo, oko kukuthi, ngokuqhelekileyo bukhulu okanye buncinci kunobukhulu obuqhelekileyo, ngoko umgangatho uchaza ukuba kukho umahluko phakathi kobukhulu bokwenene kunye ubungakanani obuqhelekileyo. Ukuba umahluko ukwi-positive, kubizwa ngokuba kukutenxa kwi-positive, kwaye ukuba umahluko u-negative, kubizwa ngokuba kukutenxa.

B. Unyamezelo: Isimbuku samaxabiso apheleleyo ??amaxabiso alungileyo kunye angalunganga atenxa ??abaxelwe kumgangatho ubizwa ngokuba yi-tolerance, ekwabizwa ngokuba “yindawo yokunyamezela”.

Ukutenxa kukwalathisa, oko kukuthi, kuchazwa “njengento entle” okanye “negative”; ukunyamezela akusikho ulwalathiso, ngoko akulunganga ukubiza ixabiso lokutenxa ngokuthi "ukunyamezela okulungileyo" okanye "ukunyamezela okubi".

③Ubude bokuhanjiswa

Ubude bokuhanjiswa bukwabizwa ngokuba ngubude obufunwa ngumsebenzisi okanye ubude bekhontrakthi. Umgangatho unala malungiselelo alandelayo kubude bokuhanjiswa:
A. Ubude obuqhelekileyo (okwaziwa ngokuba ngobude obungamiselwanga): Nabuphi na ubude phakathi kobude obuchazwe ngumgangatho kwaye akukho mfuneko yobude obumiselweyo bubizwa ngokuba bubude obuqhelekileyo. Ngokomzekelo, umgangatho wombhobho wesakhiwo uchaza: i-hot-rolled (extrusion, extrusion) ipayipi yensimbi 3000mm ~ 12000mm; umbhobho obandayo otsaliweyo (oqengqiwe) wentsimbi 2000mmmm ~ 10500mm.

B. Ubude bobude obumiselweyo: Ubude bobude obumiselweyo kufuneka bube phakathi kobude obuqhelekileyo, obungumlinganiselo othile wobude obumiselweyo obufunekayo kwikhontrakthi. Nangona kunjalo, akunakwenzeka ukusika ubude obusisigxina obusisigxina ekusebenzeni kwangempela, ngoko umgangatho ubeka ixabiso elivumelekileyo lokutenxa elivumelekileyo kubude obumiselweyo.

Ngokomgangatho wombhobho wolwakhiwo:
Isivuno sokuveliswa kwemibhobho yobude obusisigxina sikhulu kunemibhobho yobude obuqhelekileyo, kwaye kunengqiqo ukuba umenzi acele ukunyuka kwexabiso. Ukunyuka kwexabiso kuyahluka ukusuka kwinkampani ukuya kwinkampani, kodwa ngokubanzi malunga ne-10% ephezulu kunexabiso lesiseko.

C. Ubude berula ephindwe kabini: Ubude berula ephindiweyo kufuneka bube ngaphakathi kuluhlu lobude obuqhelekileyo, kwaye ubude berula enye kunye nokuphinda-phinda kobude bubonke kufuneka kuboniswe kwisivumelwano (umzekelo, 3000mm×3, oko kukuthi, iziphindaphindo ezi-3 ze 3000mm, kwaye ubude bubonke buyi-9000mm). Kumsebenzi ochanekileyo, ukutenxa okuvumelekileyo okuvumelekileyo kwe-20mm kufuneka kongezwe kwisiseko sobude obupheleleyo, kwaye isibonelelo sokusika kufuneka sigcinelwe ubude berula nganye. Ukuthatha umbhobho wolwakhiwo njengomzekelo, kuchaziwe ukuba umda wokusika kufuneka ugcinwe: i-diameter yangaphandle ≤ 159mm yi-5 ~ 10mm; idiameter yangaphandle > 159mm yi 10 ~ 15mm.

Ukuba umgangatho awucacisi ukuphambuka kobude berula ephindwe kabini kunye nesibonelelo sokusika, kufuneka kuxoxwe ngamaqela omabini kwaye kuboniswe kwikhontrakthi. Ubungakanani obuphindwe kabini ubude bufana nobude obusisigxina, obuya kunciphisa kakhulu isivuno somenzi. Ngoko ke, kunengqiqo ukuba umenzi aphakamise ixabiso, kwaye ukunyuka kwexabiso ngokusisiseko kufana nokunyuka kobude obusisigxina.

D. Ubude boluhlu: Ubude boluhlu bungaphakathi koluhlu oluqhelekileyo. Xa umsebenzisi efuna ubude boluhlu olusisigxina, kufuneka luboniswe kwikhontrakthi.

Umzekelo: ubude obuqhelekileyo buyi-3000 ~ 12000mm, kunye nobude obusisigxina buyi-6000 ~ 8000mm okanye 8000 ~ 10000mm.

Kungabonwa ukuba ubude boluhlu bukhululekile kuneemfuno ezimiselweyo zobude kunye nobude obuphindwe kabini, kodwa bunzima kakhulu kunobude obuqhelekileyo, obuya kunciphisa isivuno seshishini lemveliso. Ngoko ke, kunengqiqo ukuba umenzi aphakamise ixabiso, kwaye ukunyuka kwexabiso ngokuqhelekileyo malunga ne-4% ngaphezu kwexabiso lesiseko.

④ Ubunzima bodonga olungalinganiyo

Ubunzima bodonga lombhobho wensimbi abukwazi ukufana yonke indawo, kwaye kukho into enenjongo yobunzima bodonga olungalinganiyo kwinqanaba layo lomnqamlezo kunye nomzimba wombhobho we-longitudinal, oko kukuthi, ubukhulu bodonga abulingani. Ukuze kulawulwe oku kungalingani, eminye imigangatho yemibhobho yentsimbi ichaza izalathisi ezivumelekileyo zobunzima bodonga olungalinganiyo, ngokuqhelekileyo aludluli i-80% yokunyamezela kobunzima bodonga (olwenziwa emva kothethathethwano phakathi komthengisi kunye nomthengi).

⑤ I-ovality

Kukho isenzeko seedamitha zangaphandle ezingalinganiyo kwinqanaba lomnqamlezo wombhobho wensimbi ojikelezayo, oko kukuthi, kukho ubuninzi obuphezulu bedayamitha yangaphandle kunye nedayimitha yangaphandle encinci engafanelekanga ukuba i-perpendicular enye kwenye, ngoko ke umahluko phakathi kobukhulu bangaphandle ububanzi kunye ubuncinci bedayamitha yangaphandle yi-ovality (okanye ayingqukuva). Ukuze kulawulwe i-ovality, imigangatho ethile yombhobho yentsimbi ichaza isalathisi esivumelekileyo se-ovality, echazwe ngokubanzi njengengadluli kwi-80% yokunyamezela kwedayamitha yangaphandle (eyenziwe emva kothethathethwano phakathi komthengisi kunye nomthengi).

⑥Idigri yokugoba

Umbhobho wentsimbi ugobile kwicala lobude, kwaye i-degree degree curve ibonakaliswe ngamanani, okubizwa ngokuba yi-degree degree. Iqondo lokugoba elichazwe kumgangatho lahlulwe ngokubanzi kwezi ntlobo zimbini zilandelayo:

A. Iqondo lokugoba lendawo: linganisa eyona ndawo iphezulu yokugoba yombhobho wentsimbi ngerula enobude obuyimitha enye, kwaye ulinganise ubude bayo bokugoba (mm), elixabiso leqondo lendawo yokugoba, iyunithi yi-mm/m, kunye indlela yokubonakalisa yi-2.5 mm/m. . Le ndlela iyasebenza nakwi-tube end curvature.

B. Iqondo lokugoba lilonke lobude bonke: Sebenzisa intambo ebhityileyo ukuze uqinise ukusuka kwiziphelo zombini zombhobho, ulinganise ubude bokuphakama kwechord (mm) ekujikeni kombhobho wentsimbi, uze uwuguqule ube yipesenti yobude ( kwiimitha), nto leyo isalathiso sobude bombhobho wentsimbi egobileyo.

Ngokomzekelo, ukuba ubude bombhobho wensimbi bu-8m, kwaye ubude obulinganisiweyo be-chord bungama-30mm, iqondo lokugoba lonke ubude bombhobho kufuneka libe: 0.03÷8m×100%=0.375%

⑦ Ubungakanani buphelelwe ukunyamezela
Ubungakanani bungaphandle kokunyamezela okanye ubungakanani budlula ukutenxa okuvumelekileyo komgangatho. "Ubungakanani" apha ikakhulu bubhekiselele kububanzi bangaphandle kunye nobukhulu bodonga lombhobho wensimbi. Ngokuqhelekileyo abanye abantu babiza ubungakanani ngenxa yokunyamezela "ngokunyamezela". Olu hlobo lwegama elilinganisa ukutenxa kunye nokunyamezelana alukho ngqongqo, kwaye kufuneka lubizwe ngokuthi "ngaphandle kokunyamezela". Ukuphambuka apha kunokuba "okulungileyo" okanye "okubi", kwaye kunqabile ukuba zombini "ezilungileyo kunye nezibi" eziphambukayo azikho kumgca kwibhetshi enye yeepayipi zetsimbi.