Uhlalutyo lwenkcaso yomgangatho wokuchaswa kombhobho wensimbi engenamthungo kunye namanyathelo okuthintela
Senza uhlalutyo lwamanani kumgangatho wemveliso yeepayipi zensimbi ezingenamthungo. Ukususela kwiziphumo zobalo, sinokuqonda ukuba umenzi ngamnye uneziphene zokucubungula (ukucutshungulwa kwee-cracks, i-black buckles yesikhumba, i-screws yangaphakathi, i-pitch evaliweyo, njl.), imilinganiselo yejometri, kunye nokusebenza ngokwemigangatho yemveliso. (iipropati zomatshini, ukwakheka kweekhemikhali, ukuqina), ukugoba kombhobho wentsimbi, ukugoba, ukugoba, ukubola, ukubola kombhobho wentsimbi, umgodi, iziphene eziphosiweyo, imigaqo exubeneyo, intsimbi exubeneyo, kunye nezinye iziphene.

Imigangatho yokuvelisa kwimibhobho yentsimbi engenamthungo: iimfuno zomgangatho wemibhobho yentsimbi engenamthungo
1. Ukwakhiwa kweekhemikhali zentsimbi; ukubunjwa kweekhemikhali zetsimbi yeyona nto ibalulekileyo echaphazela ukusebenza kwemibhobho yensimbi engenamthungo. Kwakhona isiseko esiphambili sokuqulunqa iiparamitha zenkqubo yokuqengqeleka kombhobho kunye neeparamitha zenkqubo yonyango lombhobho wentsimbi. Kwinqanaba lombhobho wensimbi engenamthungo, ngokweendlela ezahlukeneyo zokusetyenziswa kombhobho wensimbi, iimfuno ezihambelanayo zibekwe phambili kwi-smelting yensimbi kunye nendlela yokuvelisa izikhala zemibhobho, kwaye imimiselo engqongqo yenziwa kwi-chemical composition. Ngokukodwa, iimfuno zibekwe phambili kumxholo wezinto ezithile zeekhemikhali ezinobungozi (i-arsenic, i-tin, i-antimony, i-lead, i-bismuth) kunye neegesi (i-nitrogen, i-hydrogen, i-oksijini, njl.). Ukuphucula ukufana kweekhemikhali zentsimbi kunye nokucoceka kwentsimbi, ukunciphisa ukufakwa kwe-non-metallic kwi-tube blanks, kunye nokuphucula ukuhanjiswa kwazo, izixhobo zokusulungekisa zangaphandle zihlala zisetyenziselwa ukucokisa intsimbi etyhidiweyo, kunye neziko le-electro slag. zisetyenziselwa ukucokisa izikhewu zetyhubhu. Ukunyibilika kunye nokusulungekiswa.

2. Umbhobho wentsimbi ukuchaneka komlinganiselo wejometri kunye nobubanzi bangaphandle; umbhobho wentsimbi ukuchaneka kwedayamitha yangaphandle, ubukhulu bodonga, i-ovality, ubude, ukugoba kombhobho wentsimbi, umbhobho wentsimbi uphele ukuthambeka, umbhobho wentsimbi uphele i-engile ye-bevel kunye nomphetho obuthuntu, imilinganiselo yecandelo lomnqamlezo wemibhobho yentsimbi ekhethekileyo.

1. 2. 1 Umbhobho wentsimbi ukuchaneka kwedayamitha yangaphandle Ukuchaneka kwedayamitha yangaphandle yemibhobho yentsimbi engenamthungo kuxhomekeke kwindlela yokumisela (ukunciphisa) ububanzi (kubandakanywa nokunciphisa uxinzelelo), iimeko zokusebenza kwezixhobo, inkqubo yenkqubo, njl njl. Ukuchaneka kwedayamitha yangaphandle kukwanxulumene. ukuchaneka kokucutshungulwa komngxuma womatshini osisigxina (ukunciphisa) ububanzi kunye nokuhanjiswa kunye nokulungelelaniswa kokuguqulwa kwesakhelo ngasinye. Ukuchaneka kwedayamitha yangaphandle ye-cold-rolled (抜) eyenziwe ngemibhobho yentsimbi engenamthungo inxulumene nokuchaneka kwe-mold okanye i-rolling pass.

1. 2. 2 Ubukhulu bendonga Ukuchaneka kobukhulu bodonga lwemibhobho yentsimbi engenamthungo inxulumene nomgangatho wokufudumeza wetyhubhu engenanto, iiparamitha zoyilo lwenkqubo kunye neeparamitha zohlengahlengiso lwenkqubo nganye yokuguqulwa, umgangatho wezixhobo, kunye nomgangatho wabo wokuthambisa. Ubunzima bodonga olungalinganiyo lwemibhobho yentsimbi busasazwa njengobunzima bodonga olunqamlezayo olungalinganiyo kunye nobunzima bodonga lobude obungalinganiyo.

3. Umgangatho womphezulu wemibhobho yentsimbi; umgangatho uchaza iimfuno "ze-smooth surface" zemibhobho yensimbi. Nangona kunjalo, kukho ezininzi njenge-10 iintlobo zokukhubazeka komhlaba kwimibhobho yensimbi ebangelwa izizathu ezahlukeneyo ngexesha lenkqubo yokuvelisa. Kubandakanya ukuqhekeka komphezulu (ukuqhekeka), imigca yeenwele, ukugonga kwangaphakathi, ukugoba kwangaphandle, ukugqabhuka, ukutyhutyha kwangaphakathi, ukuthe ngqo kwangaphandle, ukwahlula, amanxeba, imingxunya, imingxuma econvex, imingxunya (imingxuma), imikrwelo (Imikrwelo), indlela yangaphakathi ejijekileyo, i-spiral yangaphandle. umendo, umgca ohlaza, ukulungiswa kwe-concave, ukuprintwa kwe-roller, njl. Izizathu eziphambili zezi ziphene ziyiziphene zomhlaba okanye iziphene zangaphakathi ze-tube engenanto. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, lwenzeka ngexesha lenkqubo yokuvelisa, oko kukuthi, ukuba inkqubo yokuyila iparameter yoyilo ayinangqiqo, isixhobo (isikhunta) siphezulu, iimeko zokuthambisa azilungile, uyilo lokupasa kunye nohlengahlengiso alunangqiqo, njl. ., inokubangela ukuba umbhobho wentsimbi ubonakale. Iingxaki zomgangatho womphezulu; okanye ngexesha lokufudumeza, ukuqengqeleka, unyango lobushushu, kunye nenkqubo yokulungiswa kwetyhubhu engenanto (umbhobho wentsimbi), ukuba kwenzeka ngenxa yokulawula ubushushu obungafanelekanga, i-deformation engalinganiyo, ukufudumeza okungafanelekanga kunye nesantya sokupholisa, okanye ukuguquguquka okugqithisileyo kokulungisa Uxinzelelo olugqithileyo olushiyekileyo lunokuthi kwakhona. bangela ukuqhekeka komhlaba kumbhobho wentsimbi.

4. Iimpawu ezibonakalayo kunye neekhemikhali zemibhobho yensimbi; iipropati zomzimba kunye neekhemikhali zemibhobho yentsimbi zibandakanya iimpawu zomatshini zemibhobho yentsimbi kwiqondo lobushushu begumbi, iimpawu zomatshini kwiqondo lobushushu elithile (iipropati zamandla e-thermal okanye iimpawu zobushushu obuphantsi), kunye nokumelana nomhlwa (i-anti-oxidation, ukumelana nokugqwala kwamanzi, i-asidi kunye ukumelana ne-alkali, njl.). Ngokuqhelekileyo, iimpawu ezibonakalayo kunye neekhemikhali zemibhobho yensimbi zixhomekeke kakhulu kwimichiza, isakhiwo sombutho, kunye nokuhlambuluka kwentsimbi, kunye nendlela yokushisa ukushisa kombhobho wensimbi. Ngokuqinisekileyo, kwezinye iimeko, ukushisa okuqengqelekayo kunye nenkqubo yokuguqulwa kombhobho wensimbi nayo inefuthe ekusebenzeni kombhobho wensimbi.

5. Ukusebenza kwenkqubo yombhobho wentsimbi; inkqubo yokusebenza yombhobho wentsimbi ibandakanya iimpawu zokucanda, ukuvutha, ukugoba, ukugoba, ukutsala umzobo, kunye nokuwelda kwemibhobho yentsimbi.

6. Umbhobho wentsimbi ubume bemetallographic; Isakhiwo se-metallographic sombhobho wensimbi sibandakanya isakhiwo esisezantsi sokukhulisa kunye nesakhiwo sokukhulisa umbhobho wensimbi.

7 Iimfuno ezikhethekileyo zemibhobho yensimbi; iimeko ezikhethekileyo ezifunwa ngabathengi.

Imiba yomgangatho kwinkqubo yokuvelisa imibhobho yensimbi engenamthungo - Iziphene zomgangatho we-tube blanks kunye nokuthintela kwazo
1. Iziphene zomgangatho wetyhubhu ezingenanto kunye nothintelo Iityhubhu ezingenanto ezisetyenziselwa ukuveliswa kwemibhobho yentsimbi engenamthungo zinokuqhubeka zityhutyha imibhobho ejikelezileyo ejikelezileyo, iqengqelekisiwe (i-forged) ejikelezileyo izikhala zetyhubhu, i-centrifugally cast round round tube blanks, okanye i-ingots zentsimbi zingasetyenziswa ngokuthe ngqo. Kweyona nkqubo yokuvelisa, izithuba eziqhubekayo ezijikelezayo ezijikelezayo zisetyenziswa ikakhulu ngenxa yeendleko zabo eziphantsi kunye nomgangatho olungileyo womphezulu.

1.1 Ukubonakala, imilo, kunye neziphene zomgangatho ophezulu wetyhubhu engenanto

1. 1. 1 Ukubonakala kunye neziphene zemilo Ngeziphene zetyhubhu ezijikelezayo, imbonakalo kunye neziphene zemilo yetyhubhu engenanto ibandakanya ubukhulu becala kunye ne-ovality ye-tube engenanto, kunye nesiphelo sokusika ubuso bethambeka. Kwii-ingots zetsimbi, imbonakalo kunye neziphene zemilo ye-tube blanks ikakhulukazi ibandakanya imilo engalunganga ye-ingot yensimbi ngenxa yokugqoka i-ingot mold. I-diameter kunye ne-ovality ye-tube ejikelezayo engenanto ingaphandle kokunyamezela: Ngokwenza, ngokuqhelekileyo kukholelwa ukuba xa i-tube blank ifakwe i-perforated, izinga lokunciphisa ngaphambi kokuba iplagi ene-perforated ilinganiswe nenani lokugotywa kwangaphakathi kwetyhubhu ye-capillary ene-perforated. Umlinganiselo omkhulu wokunciphisa iplagi, ngcono umbhobho ongenanto uya kuba. Iipores zenziwe kwangaphambi kwexesha, kwaye i-capillaries ixhomekeke kwiintanda zangaphakathi zangaphakathi. Ngethuba lenkqubo yesiqhelo yokuvelisa, iiparameters zemilo yomngxuma yomatshini wokubhoboza zichongwa ngokusekelwe kububanzi obubizwa ngokuba yityhubhu engenanto kunye nobubanzi bangaphandle kunye nobukhulu bodonga lwetyhubhu ye-capillary. Xa iphethini yomngxuma ihlengahlengiswa, ukuba ububanzi bangaphandle betyhubhu engenanto idlula ukunyamezela okulungileyo, izinga lokunciphisa ngaphambi kokuba iplagi inyuke kwaye i-capillary tube ene-perforated iya kuvelisa iziphene zokugoqa zangaphakathi; ukuba i-diameter yangaphandle ye-tube blank idlula ukunyamezela okubi, izinga lokunciphisa ngaphambi kokuba iplagi iyancipha, okubangela ukuba ityhubhu ingabikho Indawo yokuqala yokuluma iqhubela kwi-pore throat, eya kwenza inkqubo yokugqobhoza kunzima ukuyifezekisa. Ukugqithiswa kwe-ovality: Xa i-ovality ye-tube blank ingalingani, i-tube engenanto iya kujikeleza ingazinzi emva kokungena kwindawo ye-perforation deformation, kwaye i-rollers iya kukrwela umphezulu we-tube engenanto, ebangela iziphene zomhlaba kwi-capillary tube. I-slope-cut cut-slope ye-tube ejikelezayo engenanto ingaphandle kokunyamezela: Ubunzima bodonga lwecala elingaphambili lombhobho we-capillary ene-perforated ye-tube blank ayilingani. Isizathu esona sizathu kukuba xa i-tube blank ingenayo i-centering hole, iplagi idibana nesiphelo sobuso betyhubhu engenanto ngexesha lenkqubo yokubhoboza. Ekubeni kukho ithambeka elikhulu kwisiphelo sobuso betyhubhu engenanto, kunzima ukuba impumlo yeplagi ibe sembindini wetyhubhu engenanto, okukhokelela kubunzima bodonga lobuso bokuphela kombhobho we-capillary. Ukungalingani.

1. 1. 2 Iziphene zomgangatho womphezulu (ityhubhu eqhubekayo ejikelezileyo engenanto) Ukuqhekeka komphezulu kwityhubhu engenanto: iintanda ezithe nkqo, iintanda ezinqamlezileyo, iintanda zenethiwekhi. Izinto ezibangela iintanda ezithe nkqo:
A. Ukuhamba kokuphazamiseka okubangelwa ukungahambi kakuhle kwe-nozzle kunye ne-crystallizer ihlamba igobolondo eliqinisiweyo le-tube engenanto;
B. Ukuthembeka kwe-slag yokubumba akubi, kwaye umaleko we-slag we-liquid ungqindilili kakhulu okanye ubhityile kakhulu, okukhokelela kubunzima befilimu ye-slag engalinganiyo kunye nokwenza iqokobhe lokuqina lendawo letyhubhu engenanto incinci kakhulu.
C. Ukuguquguquka kwenqanaba lolwelo lweCrystal (xa inqanaba lolwelo liguquguquka> ± 10mm, ireyithi yokwenzeka kokuqhekeka imalunga nama-30%);
D. P kunye nomxholo we-S kwintsimbi. (P > 0. 017%, S > 0. 027%, iintanda longitudinal ukwanda mkhuba);
E. Xa i-C kwintsimbi iphakathi kwe-0. 12% kunye ne-0. 17%, iintanda ze-longitudinal zivame ukunyuka.

Isilumkiso:
A. Qinisekisa ukuba umlomo kunye nekristaliza zilungelelanisiwe;
B. Ukuguquguquka kwenqanaba lolwelo lwekristale kufuneka kuzinzile;
C. Sebenzisa i-crystallization taper efanelekileyo;
D. Khetha umgubo okhuselayo osebenza kakuhle;
E. Sebenzisa icrystallizer ephezulu eshushu.

Izinto ezibangela iintanda ezinqamlezileyo:
A. Iimpawu zokungcangcazela ezinzulu kakhulu ngoyena nobangela weentanda ezinqamlezileyo;
B. Umxholo we (niobium, kunye ne-aluminium) ekunyuseni kwensimbi, okuyiyo imbangela.
C. Umbhobho ongenanto ulungelelaniswa xa ubushushu bungama-900-700℃.
D. Ubunzulu bokupholisa okwesibini bukhulu kakhulu.

Isilumkiso:
A. I-crystallizer ithatha i-frequency ephezulu kunye ne-amplitude encinci ukunciphisa ubunzulu beempawu ze-vibration kwindawo yangaphakathi ye-arc ye-slab;
B. Indawo yokupholisa yesibini ithatha inkqubo yokupholisa ebuthathaka ezinzileyo ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuba ubushushu bomphezulu bungaphezulu kwama-900 degrees ngexesha lokuqondisa.
C. Gcina inqanaba lolwelo lwekristale lizinzile;
D. Sebenzisa umgubo wokubumba kunye nokusebenza kakuhle kwe-lubrication kunye ne-viscosity ephantsi.

Izizathu zokuqhekeka komnatha womphezulu:
A. I-slab ye-high-temperature cast slab ifunxa ubhedu kwi-mold, kwaye ubhedu luba lulwelo kwaye luphume ngaphandle kwimida ye-austenite grain;
B. Izinto eziseleyo kwintsimbi (ezifana nobhedu, i-tin, njl.) zihlala phezu kombhobho ongenanto kwaye zikhuphe ngaphandle kwemida yeenkozo;

Isilumkiso:
A. Umphezulu wecrystallizer i-chromium-plated ukwandisa ubulukhuni bomphezulu;
B. Sebenzisa umlinganiselo ofanelekileyo wamanzi okupholisa esibini;
C. Lawula izinto ezishiyekileyo kwintsimbi.
D. Lawula ixabiso le-Mn/S ukuqinisekisa ukuba uMn/S>40. Ngokuqhelekileyo kukholelwa ukuba xa ubunzulu be-face crack ye-tube blank ayidluli i-0. 5mm, iintambo ziya kuba ne-oxidized ngexesha lokufudumala kwaye aziyi kubangela ukuqhekeka kwendawo kumbhobho wensimbi. Ekubeni ukuqhekeka ebusweni bombhobho ongenanto kuya kuxutywa kakhulu nge-oxidized ngexesha lokufudumala, iintambo zihlala zihamba kunye neengqungquthela ze-oxidation kunye ne-decarburization phenomena emva kokuqengqeleka.