Chii chinonzi Stainless steel?
'Stainless' izwi rakagadzirwa pakutanga kwekugadzirwa kwesimbi idzi dzekucheka zvikumbiro. Yakagamuchirwa sezita remhando yesimbi idzi uye ikozvino inovhara akasiyana siyana emhando dzesimbi uye mamakisi ekuora kana oxidation inodzivirira maapplication.
Masimbi asina tsvina masimbi esimbi ane hushoma hwe10.5% chromium. Mamwe maalloying zvinhu anowedzerwa kuti awedzere chimiro chavo uye zvivakwa zvakaita sechimiro, simba uye cryogenic kuoma.
Ichi chimiro chekristaro chinoita kuti simbi dzakadaro dzive dzisiri-magineti uye dzisina brittle pakudziya kwakaderera. Nokuda kwekuoma kwepamusoro uye simba, carbon inowedzerwa. Kana ichiiswa mukupisa kwakaringana kurapwa simbi idzi dzinoshandiswa serezor blades, cutlery, maturusi nezvimwe.
Huwandu hwakakosha hwemanganese hwakashandiswa mumhando dzakawanda dzesimbi isina tsvina. Manganese inochengetedza austenitic chimiro musimbi sezvinoita nickel, asi nemutengo wakaderera.
Zvinhu zvikuru musimbi isina tsvina
Stainless simbi kana corrosion-resistant simbi imhando yesimbi yesimbi inowanikwa mumhando dzakasiyana siyana. Inobatira zvinodikanwa zvedu zvinoshanda zvakanaka kwazvo zvokuti zvakaoma kuwana nharaunda ipi neipi youpenyu hwedu, kwatisingashandisi rudzi urwu rwesimbi. Zvinhu zvikuru zvesimbi isina tsvina ndezvi: iron, chromium, carbon, nickel, molybdenum uye zvidiki zvidiki zvedzimwe simbi.
Izvi zvinosanganisira masimbi akadai se:
- Nickel
- Molybdenum
- Titanium
- Mhangura
Zvisiri-simbi zvinowedzera zvinogadzirwawo, izvo zvikuru zviri:
- Carbon
- Nitrogen
CHROMIUM UYE NICKEL:
Chromium ndicho chinhu chinoita simbi isina tsvina. Izvo zvakakosha mukugadzira iyo passive firimu. Zvimwe zvinhu zvinogona kukanganisa kushanda kwechromium mukugadzira kana kuchengetedza firimu, asi hapana chimwe chinhu pachacho chinogona kugadzira zvimiro zvesimbi isina tsvina.
Panenge pa10.5% chromium, firimu risina simba rinoumbwa uye rinopa hunyoro hwekudzivirira kwemhepo. Nokuwedzera chromium kusvika 17-20%, iyo inowanzoitika mumhando-300 yakatevedzana yeaustenitic stainless steels, kugadzikana kwepassive film kunowedzera. Kumwe kuwedzera kwemukati kwechromium kunopa imwe dziviriro.
| Symbol | Element |
| Al | Aluminium |
| C | Carbon |
| Cr | Chromium |
| Cu | Mhangura |
| Fe | Iron |
| Mo | Molybdenum |
| Mn | Manganese |
| N | Nitrogen |
| Ni | Nickel |
| P | Phosphorous |
| S | Sulfur |
| Se | Selenium |
| Ta | Tantalum |
| Ti | Titanium |
Nickel inodzikamisa iyo austenitic chimiro (iyo tsanga kana kristaro chimiro) chesimbi isina tsvina uye inosimudzira iyo mechanic zvimiro uye hunhu hwekugadzira. Iyo nickel ye8-10% uye pamusoro inoderedza tsika yesimbi yekutsemuka nekuda kwekunetsekana kwekuora. Nickel inosimudzirawo kudzoreredza kana firimu rikakuvadzwa.
MANGANESE:
Manganese, mukubatana ne nickel, inoita akawanda emabasa anonzi nickel. Ichapindirana nesarufa musimbi isina tsvina kuti iumbe manganese sulfite, iyo inowedzera kuramba kwegomba corrosion. Nekutsiva manganese kune nickel, uyezve kuisanganisa ne nitrogen, simba rinowedzerwawo.
MOLYBDENUM:
Molybdenum, pamwe chete nechromium, inoshanda zvikuru mukudzikamisa firimu rekuita pamberi pemakloridi. Inoshanda mukudzivirira kukoromoka kana gomba. Molybdenum, iri padyo nechromium, inopa kuwedzera kukuru kwekupokana nekuora musimbi isina tsvina. Edstrom Industries inoshandisa 316 stainless nekuti ine 2-3% molybdenum, inopa dziviriro kana chlorine yawedzerwa mumvura.
CARBON
Carbon inoshandiswa kuwedzera simba. Mugiredhi remartensitic, kuwedzera kwekabhoni kunofambisa kuoma kuburikidza nekupisa-kurapa.
NITROGEN:
Nitrogen inoshandiswa kudzikamisa iyo austenitic chimiro chesimbi isina tsvina, iyo inowedzera kupikisa kwayo kugomba uye inosimbisa simbi. Kushandisa nitrogen kunoita kuti zvikwanise kuwedzera zvinyorwa zvemolybdenum kusvika pa6%, izvo zvinovandudza kusagadzikana kwekuora munzvimbo dzechloride.
TITANIUM UYE MIOBIUM:
Titanium neMiobium inoshandiswa kuderedza kunzwisiswa kwesimbi isina tsvina. Kana simbi isina tsvina ikanzwisiswa, intergranular corrosion inogona kuitika. Izvi zvinokonzerwa nekunaya kwe chrome carbides panguva yekutonhodza kana zvikamu zvakasungwa. Izvi zvinopedza iyo weld nzvimbo yechromium. Pasina chromium, iyo firimu yepasi haigone kuumba. Titanium neNiobium zvinodyidzana nekabhoni kuita carbides, zvichisiya chromium iri mugadziro kuitira kuti firimu rigone kuumba.
Mhangura NEALUMINIUM:
Mhangura neAluminium, pamwe neTitanium, inogona kuwedzerwa kusimbi isina tsvina kuti iwedzere kuoma kwayo. Kuomesa kunowanikwa nekunyura patembiricha ye900 kusvika 1150F. Zvinhu izvi zvinoumba yakaoma intermetallic microstructure panguva yekunyura patembiricha yakakwira.
SARUFU UYE SELENIUM:
Sulfur neSelenium zvinowedzerwa kune 304 isina tsvina kuti iite muchina zvakasununguka. Iyi inova 303 kana 303SE simbi isina tsvina, iyo inoshandiswa neEdstrom Industries kugadzira mavharuvhu ehogi, nzungu, uye zvikamu zvisingaonekwe nemvura yekunwa.
Mhando dzesimbi isina tsvina
THE AISI INOTSANANGURA AMAGREDE ANOTEVERA PAKATI VAMWE:
Iyo inozivikanwawo se "marine grade" simbi isina tsvina nekuda kwekuwedzera kwayo kukwanisa kurwisa kuora kwemvura yemunyu kana ichienzaniswa nemhando 304. SS316 inowanzoshandiswa pakuvaka zvidyarwa zvekugadzirisa nyukireya.
304/304L Stainless simbi
Type 304 ine simba rakaderera zvishoma pane 302 nekuda kwekudzika kwayo kabhoni.
316/316L Stainless simbi
Type 316/316L Stainless Steel isimbi yemolybdenum ine yakagadziridzwa kuramba kugomba nemhinduro dzine ma chlorides nemamwe halides.
310S Stainless simbi
310S Stainless Steel ine yakanakisa kuramba kune oxidation pasi petembiricha isingaperi kusvika 2000 ° F.
317L Stainless simbi
317L imolybdenum inobereka austenitic chromium nickel simbi yakafanana nemhando 316, kunze kweiyo alloy yemukati mu317L yakati wandei.
321/321H simbi isina simbi
Type 321 is basic type 304 yakagadziridzwa nekuwedzera titanium muhuwandu kanokwana ka5 pane kabhoni pamwe nenitrogen zviri mukati.
410 Stainless simbi
Type 410 is a martensitic Stainless simbi iyo ine magineti, inoramba corrosion munzvimbo dzakapfava uye ine ductility yakanaka.
DUPLEX 2205 (UNS S31803)
Duplex 2205 (UNS S31803), kana Avesta Sheffield 2205 is a ferritic-austenitic stainless simbi.
ZVINHU ZVISINA ZVINHU ZVINOITWA ZVINHU ZVINHU ZVINOITWA ZVINHU ZVINHU ZVINHU ZVINOITWA NECHRISTALLINE STRUCTUTURE:
- Austenitic Stainless simbi dzinosanganisira pamusoro pe70% yezvese Stainless simbi yakagadzirwa. Izvo zvine huwandu hunosvika 0.15% kabhoni, hushoma hwe16% chromium uye yakakwana nickel uye / kana manganese kuchengetedza chimiro cheaustenitic pakupisa kwese kubva mudunhu re cryogenic kusvika pakunyungudika kwealloy. Yakajairika kuumbwa ndeye 18% chromium uye 10% nickel, inowanzozivikanwa se18/10 isina tsvina inowanzoshandiswa muflatware. Saizvozvo 18/0 uye 18/8 inowanikwawo. ¨Superaustenitic〃 masimbi asina tsvina, akadai sealloy AL-6XN uye 254SMO, anoratidza kupikisa kukuru kune chloride pitting uye crevice corrosion nekuda kwekukwira kweMolybdenum zviri mukati (> 6%) uye nitrogen yekuwedzera uye iyo yakakwira nickel yemukati inovimbisa kuramba kuri nani kushushikana-kukoromoka kwekuputika. pamusoro pe300 series. Iyo yakakwira alloy yemukati ye "Superaustenitic" masimbi zvinoreva kuti anodhura zvinotyisa uye kuita kwakafanana kunogona kuwanikwa uchishandisa duplex simbi nemutengo wakaderera zvakanyanya.
- Ferritic Stainless steels inoshingirira mukuora zvakanyanya, asi idiki kwazvo pane austenitic mamakisi uye haigone kuomeswa nekurapa kupisa. Izvo zvine pakati pe10.5% ne27% chromium uye nickel shoma, kana iripo. Zvinyorwa zvizhinji zvinosanganisira molybdenum; zvimwe, aluminium kana titanium. Magiredhi akajairika anosanganisira 18Cr-2Mo, 26Cr-1Mo, 29Cr-4Mo, uye 29Cr-4Mo-2Ni.
- Martensitic Stainless simbi hadzina kuita ngura semamwe makirasi maviri, asi dzakasimba zvakanyanya uye dzakaomarara pamwe nemuchina wepamusoro, uye dzinogona kuomeswa nekurapa kupisa. Martensitic Stainless simbi ine chromium (12-14%), molybdenum (0.2-1%), isina nickel, uye inenge 0.1-1% kabhoni (zvichipa kuoma kwakawanda asi zvichiita kuti zvinhu zviwedzere brittle). Inodzimwa uye magnetic. Iyo inozivikanwawo se "series-00" simbi.
- Duplex simbi isina tsvina ine yakasanganiswa microstructure ye austenite uye ferrite, chinangwa chiri chekugadzira 50:50 musanganiswa kunyange mukutengeserana alloys musanganiswa unogona kuva 60:40. Duplex simbi yakavandudza simba pamusoro pe austenitic simbi isina tsvina uye zvakare yakavandudza kuramba kune corrosion yenzvimbo kunyanya pitting, crevice corrosion uye stress corrosion kuparuka. Iwo anoratidzwa nepamusoro chromium uye yakaderera nickel zviri mukati pane austenitic Stainless simbi.
Nhoroondo yeStainless Steel
Masimbi mashoma asingadzivirirwe nesimbi anorarama kubva kare. Muenzaniso wakakurumbira (uye wakakura kwazvo) ndiyo Iron Pillar yeDelhi, yakagadzirwa nekuraira kweKumara Gupta I munenge mugore re AD 400. Zvisinei, kusiyana nesimbi isina tsvina, zvigadzirwa izvi zvinokwereta kusimba kwavo kwete kune chromium, asi kune yakakwirira phosphorus content, iyo pamwe chete nemamiriro ekunze akanaka enzvimbo inosimudzira kuumbwa kweiyo yakasimba inodzivirira passivation layer ye iron oxides uye phosphates, pane iyo isingadziviriri, yakatsemuka ngura layer inokura pane yakawanda ironwork.
Kupokana kwekuora kwesimbi-chromium alloys kwakatanga kuzivikanwa muna 1821 neFrench metallurgist Pierre Berthier, uyo akacherechedza kuramba kwavo kurwiswa nemamwe maasidhi uye akakurudzira kushandiswa kwavo mukucheka. Zvakadaro, mametallurgists emuzana ramakore rechi 19 haana kukwanisa kugadzira musanganiswa wekabhoni yakaderera uye yakakwira chromium inowanikwa mumasimbi mazhinji emazuva ano asina tsvina, uye alloys epamusoro-chromium avaikwanisa kugadzira aive asina kusimba zvekuti angave anonakidza.
Mamiriro ezvinhu aya akachinja mukupera kwema1890, apo Hans Goldschmidt wekuGermany akagadzira nzira yealuminothermic (thermite) yekugadzira carbon-free chromium. Mumakore 19041911, vaongorori vakati wandei, kunyanya Leon Guillet wekuFrance, vakagadzira alloys ayo nhasi anga achinzi simbi isina simbi. Muna 1911, Philip Monnartz weGermany akashuma pamusoro peukama huri pakati pe<em>chromium zviri mukati nokudzivisa ngura kweaya alloys.
Harry Brearley weBrown-Firth research laboratory muSheffield, England anonyanya kunzi ndiye "muumbi" wetsvina.
simbi. Muna 1913, achitsvaga chigadziko chinodzivirira kuputika kwepfuti, akawana uye akazogadzira martensitic stainless steel alloy. Nekudaro, maindasitiri akafanana aiitika panguva imwe cheteyo kuKrupp Iron Works kuGermany, uko Eduard Maurer naBenno Strauss vakanga vachigadzira austenitic alloy (21% chromium, 7% nickel), uye kuUnited States, uko Christian Dantsizen naFrederick Becket. vakanga vachigadzira ferritic stainless.
Ndokumbira utarise kuti unogona kufarira zvimwe zvinyorwa zvehunyanzvi zvatakaburitsa:
Nguva yekutumira: Jun-16-2022