Kedu ihe bụ igwe anaghị agba nchara?
'Stainless' bụ okwu echepụtara n'oge mmalite nke nchara ndị a maka ngwa ịkpụ. A nakweere ya dị ka aha ọnyà maka ígwè ndị a ma ugbu a na-ekpuchi ụdị ígwè dị iche iche na akara ule maka corrosion ma ọ bụ oxidation eguzogide ngwa.
Igwe anaghị agba nchara bụ alloys ígwè nwere opekempe 10.5% chromium. A na-agbakwunye ihe ndị ọzọ alloying iji welie usoro ha na ihe onwunwe ha dị ka nhazi, ike na siri ike cryogenic.
Ọdịdị kristal a na-eme ka nchara ndị dị otú ahụ bụrụ ihe na-adịghị mma ma na-adịchaghị nro na obere okpomọkụ. Maka isi ike na ike dị elu, a na-agbakwunye carbon. Mgbe a na-edozi ọgwụgwọ okpomọkụ zuru oke, a na-eji ígwè ndị a eme ihe dị ka agụba, ihe ọkpụkpụ, ngwá ọrụ wdg.
A na-eji nnukwu manganese mee ihe n'ọtụtụ igwe anaghị agba nchara. Manganese na-echekwa ihe owuwu austenitic na igwe dị ka nickel, mana na ọnụ ala dị ala.
Isi ihe dị na igwe anaghị agba nchara
Igwe anaghị agba nchara ma ọ bụ nchara na-eguzogide corrosion bụ ụdị ọla a na-ahụ n'ụdị dị iche iche. Ọ na-egbo mkpa anyị bara uru nke ọma na ọ na-esiri ike ịchọta akụkụ ọ bụla nke ndụ anyị, ebe anyị na-adịghị eji ụdị ígwè a. Ihe ndị bụ isi nke igwe anaghị agba nchara bụ: ígwè, chromium, carbon, nickel, molybdenum na obere nha nke ọla ndị ọzọ.
Ndị a gụnyere ọla dị ka:
- Nickel
- Molybdenum
- Titanium
- Ọla kọpa
A na-agbakwụnyekwa ihe ndị na-abụghị metal, ndị bụ isi bụ:
- Carbon
- Nitrogen
chromium na nickel:
Chromium bụ ihe na-eme igwe anaghị agba nchara. Ọ dị mkpa na-akpụ ihe nkiri na-agafe agafe. Ihe ndị ọzọ nwere ike imetụta ịdị irè nke chromium n'ịkpụpụta ma ọ bụ idobe ihe nkiri ahụ, ma ọ dịghị ihe ọzọ n'onwe ya nwere ike ịmepụta ihe nke igwe anaghị agba nchara.
N'ihe dịka 10.5% chromium, a na-emepụta ihe nkiri na-adịghị ike ma na-enye nchebe ikuku dị nro. Site n'ịbawanye chromium na 17-20%, nke a na-ahụkarị na ụdị-300 usoro nke austenitic igwe anaghị agba nchara, nkwụsi ike nke ihe nkiri na-agafe agafe na-abawanye. Mmụba ọzọ na ọdịnaya chromium ga-enye nchebe ọzọ.
| Akara | Ihe |
| Al | Aluminom |
| C | Carbon |
| Cr | Chromium |
| Ku | Ọla kọpa |
| Fe | Ígwè |
| Mo | Molybdenum |
| Mn | Manganese |
| N | Nitrogen |
| Ni | Nickel |
| P | Phosphorous |
| S | sọlfọ |
| Se | Selenium |
| Ta | Tantalum |
| Ti | Titanium |
Nickel ga-eme ka ihe owuwu austenitic guzosie ike (ọka ma ọ bụ kristal) nke igwe anaghị agba nchara ma welie ihe eji arụ ọrụ na njirimara nrụpụta. Ọdịnaya nickel nke 8-10% na n'elu ga-ebelata ọchịchọ nke igwe mgbawa n'ihi mmebi nrụgide. Nickel na-akwalitekwa ume iku ume ma ọ bụrụ na ihe nkiri ahụ mebiri emebi.
MANGANESE:
Manganese, na njikọ nickel, na-arụ ọtụtụ ọrụ ndị e kenyere na nickel. Ọ ga-ejikwa sọlfọ na igwe anaghị agba nchara na-emekọ ihe iji mepụta sulfites manganese, nke na-abawanye iguzogide pitting corrosion. Site n'iji manganese dochie anya nickel, wee jikọta ya na nitrogen, ike na-abawanye.
MOLYBDENUM:
Molybdenum, yana chromium, na-arụ ọrụ nke ọma n'ịkwụsị ihe nkiri na-agafe agafe n'ihu chlorides. Ọ dị irè na igbochi crevice ma ọ bụ pitting corrosion. Molybdenum, na-esote chromium, na-enye mmụba kachasị ukwuu na nguzogide corrosion na igwe anaghị agba nchara. Edstrom Industries na-eji igwe anaghị agba nchara 316 n'ihi na ọ nwere 2-3% molybdenum, nke na-enye nchebe mgbe chlorine na-agbakwunye na mmiri.
Carbon:
A na-eji carbon eme ka ike dịkwuo elu. Na ọkwa martensitic, mgbakwunye carbon na-eme ka ike sie ike site na ọgwụgwọ okpomọkụ.
NITROGEN:
A na-eji Nitrogen na-eme ka usoro austenitic nke igwe anaghị agba nchara guzosie ike, nke na-eme ka nguzogide ya na-emebi corrosion ma na-ewusi ígwè ahụ ike. Iji nitrogen eme ka o kwe omume ịbawanye ọdịnaya molybdenum ruo 6%, nke na-eme ka nguzogide corrosion dị na gburugburu chloride dị mma.
Titanium na MIOBIUM:
A na-eji titanium na Miobium belata mmetụta nke igwe anaghị agba nchara. Mgbe igwe anaghị agba nchara nwere mmetụta, corrosion intergranular nwere ike ime. Nke a na-akpata site na mmiri ozuzo nke chrome carbides n'oge oge jụrụ oyi mgbe akụkụ na-welded. Nke a na-emebi mpaghara weld nke chromium. Enweghị chromium, ihe nkiri na-agafe agafe enweghị ike ịmalite. Titanium na Niobium na-emekọ ihe na carbon iji mepụta carbides, na-ahapụ chromium na ngwọta ka ihe nkiri na-agafe agafe wee nwee ike ịmalite.
Ọla kọpa na aluminum:
Ọla kọpa na aluminom, yana Titanium, nwere ike ịgbakwunye na igwe anaghị agba nchara iji mee ka ike ya sie ike. A na-enweta ike ike site n'itinye na okpomọkụ nke 900 ruo 1150F. Ihe ndị a na-etolite microstructure intermetallic siri ike n'oge usoro ntinye mmiri na okpomọkụ dị elu.
SulfUR na SELENIUM:
A na-agbakwunye Sulfur na Selenium na igwe anaghị agba nchara 304 iji mee ka ọ bụrụ igwe n'efu. Nke a na-aghọ 303 ma ọ bụ 303SE igwe anaghị agba nchara, nke Edstrom Industries na-eji eme valve hog, mkpụrụ, na akụkụ ndị na-adịghị ekpuchi mmiri ọṅụṅụ.
Ụdị igwe anaghị agba nchara
AISI na-akọwapụta akara ule ndị a n'etiti ndị ọzọ:
A makwaara dị ka "ọkwa mmiri" igwe anaghị agba nchara n'ihi ụbara ike ya iguzogide corrosion mmiri nnu ma e jiri ya tụnyere ụdị 304. A na-ejikarị SS316 eme ihe maka ịmepụta ihe ọkụkụ na-emepụta nuklia.
304/304L igwe anaghị agba nchara
Ụdị 304 nwere ntakịrị ike dị ala karịa 302 n'ihi ọdịnaya carbon ya dị ala.
316/316L igwe anaghị agba nchara
Ụdị 316/316L igwe anaghị agba nchara bụ molybdenum ígwè nwere mma iguzogide pitting site ngwọta nwere chlorides na ndị ọzọ halides.
310S igwe anaghị agba nchara
310S igwe anaghị agba nchara nwere ọmarịcha iguzogide ọxịdashọn n'okpuru okpomọkụ mgbe niile ruo 2000°F.
317L igwe anaghị agba nchara
317L bụ molybdenum nke nwere austenitic chromium nickel steel yiri ụdị 316, belụsọ ọdịnaya alloy dị na 317L dị ntakịrị elu.
321/321H igwe anaghị agba nchara
Ụdị 321 bụ isi ụdị 304 gbanwere site n'ịgbakwụnye titanium n'ime ego ma ọ dịkarịa ala ugboro ise carbon tinyere nitrogen ọdịnaya.
410 igwe anaghị agba nchara
Ụdị 410 bụ igwe anaghị agba nchara martensitic nke bụ magnetik, na-eguzogide corrosion na gburugburu ebe dị nro ma nwee ezigbo ductility.
DUPLEX 2205 (UNS S31803)
Duplex 2205 (UNS S31803), ma ọ bụ Avesta Sheffield 2205 bụ ferritic-austenitic igwe anaghị agba nchara.
A na-akọkwa steels na-acha uhie uhie
- Austenitic igwe anaghị agba nchara nwere ihe karịrị 70% nke mkpokọta igwe anaghị agba nchara. Ha nwere opekempe 0.15% carbon, opekempe 16% chromium na nickel na/ma ọ bụ manganese zuru oke iji jigide ihe owuwu austenitic na okpomọkụ niile site na mpaghara cryogenic ruo n'ebe mgbaze nke alloy. Ngwakọta a na-ahụkarị bụ 18% chromium na 10% nickel, nke a na-akpọkarị igwe anaghị agba nchara 18/10 na flatware. N'otu aka ahụ 18/0 na 18/8 dịkwa. ¨Superaustenitic 〃 igwe anaghị agba nchara, dị ka alloy AL-6XN na 254SMO, na-egosipụta nnukwu nguzogide chloride pitting na crevice corrosion n'ihi nnukwu Molybdenum ọdịnaya (> 6%) na nitrogen mgbakwunye na elu nickel ọdịnaya na-eme ka mma iguzogide nrụgide-corrosion cracking. n'elu 300 usoro. Ọdịnaya alloy dị elu nke nchara "Superaustenitic" pụtara na ha dị oke ọnụ na arụ ọrụ yiri nke ahụ enwere ike nweta ya site na iji nchara duplex na ọnụ ala dị ala.
- Ferritic igwe anaghị agba nchara na-eguzogide ọgwụ corrosion nke ukwuu, mana ọ naghị adịte aka karịa akara austenitic na ọgwụgwọ okpomọkụ enweghị ike ime ka obi sie ya ike. Ha nwere n'etiti 10.5% na 27% chromium na obere nickel, ọ bụrụ na ọ bụla. Ọtụtụ ihe mejupụtara gụnyere molybdenum; ụfọdụ, aluminum ma ọ bụ titanium. Akara ule ferritic a na-ahụkarị gụnyere 18Cr-2Mo, 26Cr-1Mo, 29Cr-4Mo, na 29Cr-4Mo-2Ni.
- Igwe anaghị agba nchara nke Martensitic adịghị eguzogide corrosion dị ka klaasị abụọ ndị ọzọ, mana ha siri ike ma sie ike yana nnukwu igwe, yana ọgwụgwọ okpomọkụ nwere ike ime ka obi sie ya ike. Igwe anaghị agba nchara nke Martensitic nwere chromium (12-14%), molybdenum (0.2-1%), enweghị nickel, na ihe dịka 0.1-1% carbon (na-enye ya ike karịa ma na-eme ka ihe ahụ dịkwuo ntakịrị). A na-emenyụ ya na magnetik. A makwaara ya dị ka "usoro-00" ígwè.
- Igwe anaghị agba nchara duplex nwere microstructure agwakọta nke austenite na ferrite, ebumnuche bụ imepụta ngwakọta 50:50 n'agbanyeghị na alloys azụmahịa, ngwakọta nwere ike ịbụ 60:40. Igwe anaghị agba nchara agbagoro agbagoro ike n'elu igwe anaghị agba nchara austenitic ma kwalitekwa nguzogide corrosion mpaghara mpaghara ọkachasị pitting, crevice corrosion na stress corrosion cracking. A na-eji chromium dị elu na ọdịnaya nickel dị ala mara ha karịa nchara austenitic.
Akụkọ ihe mere eme nke igwe anaghị agba nchara
Ngwongwo ígwè ole na ole na-eguzogide corrosion dị ndụ site n'oge ochie. Ihe atụ a ma ama (ma buru ibu) bụ Iron Pillar nke Delhi, nke e wuru site na Kumara Gupta I n'ihe dị ka afọ AD 400. Otú ọ dị, n'adịghị ka igwe anaghị agba nchara, ihe ndị a na-akwụ ụgwọ maka ịdịte aka ha abụghị chromium, kama na ọdịnaya phosphorus dị elu. nke ọnụ na mma mpaghara ihu igwe ọnọdụ na-akwalite guzobe a siri ike nchebe passivation oyi akwa nke ígwè oxides na phosphates, kama na-abụghị ihe nchebe, gbawara agbawa nchara oyi akwa nke na-amalite na ọtụtụ ironwork.
Ọkachamara metallurgist nke France bụ Pierre Berthier bụ nke mbụ ghọtara nguzogide corrosion nke ígwè-chromium alloys na 1821, bụ́ onye kwuru na ha na-eguzogide ọgụ nke ụfọdụ acids ma tụọ aro ka a na-eji ha eme ihe. Otú ọ dị, ndị na-emepụta metallurgist nke narị afọ nke 19 enweghị ike ịmepụta nchikota nke carbon dị ala na chromium dị elu nke a na-achọta n'ọtụtụ igwe anaghị agba nchara nke oge a, na ihe ndị dị elu nke chromium ha nwere ike ịmepụta na-esighị ike nke ukwuu iji nwee mmasị bara uru.
Ọnọdụ a gbanwere na njedebe 1890s, mgbe Hans Goldschmidt nke Germany mepụtara usoro aluminothermic (thermite) maka imepụta chromium na-enweghị carbon. N'afọ 1904 ruo 1911, ọtụtụ ndị nchọpụta, ọkachasị Leon Guillet nke France, kwadebere alloys nke a ga-ewere taa dịka igwe anaghị agba nchara. Na 1911, Philip Monnartz nke Germany kọrọ banyere mmekọrịta dị n'etiti ọdịnaya chromium na nguzogide corrosion nke alloys ndị a.
Harry Brearley nke ụlọ nyocha nyocha Brown-Firth dị na Sheffield, England ka a na-ekwukarị dị ka “onye mepụtara” igwe anaghị agba nchara.
ígwè. N'afọ 1913, mgbe ọ na-achọ alloy na-egbochi mbuze maka ogbunigwe egbe, ọ chọpụtara wee mechaa rụpụta ihe igwe anaghị agba nchara martensitic. Agbanyeghị, mmepe nke ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe yiri nke a na-ewere ọnọdụ n'otu oge na Krupp Iron Works na Germany, ebe Eduard Maurer na Benno Strauss na-etolite alloy austenitic (21% chromium, 7% nickel), yana na United States, ebe Christian Dantsizen na Frederick Becket. bụ ndị na-emepụta ferritic igwe anaghị agba nchara.
Biko mara na ị nwere ike ịmasị akụkọ teknụzụ ndị ọzọ anyị bipụtala:
Oge nzipu: Jun-16-2022