A na-akpata ntụpọ carbon nchara site na akụrụngwa, usoro na arụ ọrụ dị na usoro mgbaze na mkpụgharị (ịkpụgharị) carbon steel, gụnyere ọnya, mgbawa, mbelata fọdụrụnụ, akwa akwa, isi ọcha, nkewa, ntinye na-abụghị ọla, dị ka osteoporosis na banded.

Na-afụ ụfụ

Ọ dịghị scarring na isi nchara n'elu weld metal ma ọ bụ metalloid scar blocks.Akụkụ ụfọdụ nke ahụ na-ejikọta na isi, bụ ire;ndị ọzọ enweghị njikọ na matriks, scaly.Nke ikpeazụ na-apụ mgbe ụfọdụ n'oge nhazi, na-akpụ olulu.Ihe nkedo ígwè (nkedo) nke ọnyà kpatara na-enwekarị nsonye na-abụghị ọla a na-ahụ anya na anya gba ọtọ.Nrụrụ na-egbuke egbuke na-emetụta àgwà na ọdịdị nke ihe eji arụ ọrụ nke ígwè.A naghị anabata ịchafụ n'ihu igwe emechara.Scarring nwere ike na-egweri akụkụ maka ịrụzi mgbe mmezi nke ígwè egweri size kwesịrị izute ọkọlọtọ chọrọ.

mgbawa

Ihe mgbawa na-etolite site na ọdịdị ahụ na aha ọtụtụ ihe kpatara ya, dị ka mgbawa, mgbawa transverse, mgbawa, mgbawa, ntutu isi, gbawara (oké mgbawa), rattle (Jiao crack), mpịakọta na shiee crack bifida.Site na nchara nchara, ịtụgharị n'ime nhazi ígwè ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ usoro ọ bụla nwere ihe na-akpata mgbawa.

Mbelata mbelata

Nchara a wụrụ awụ n'oge ike siri ike, n'ihi mbelata olu na ingot ma ọ bụ billet ejupụtabeghị nke ọma akụkụ etiti nke tubular ma ọ bụ oghere mgbasa.Tupu nhazi okpomọkụ, n'ihi na ịcha isi dị ntakịrị ma ọ bụ craters miri emi, na-eme ka nkwụsịtụ na-adịghị agwụ agwụ, a na-akpọ akụkụ nke fọdụrụnụ nke fọdụrụnụ shrinkage.A na-ekesa ihe fọdụrụ na shrinkage na etiti elu nke ingot, a na-akpọkwa ihe na-esi na n'elu ya bụ cratering.

Ekewara

Ejikọ ma ghara ịpụta na nhazi nke okpukpu abụọ nke nchara ígwè.Stratification n'ozuzu yikọrọ na elu mgbali nhazi, na longitudinal ngalaba transverse ojii ahịrị bụ ala ịdị elu ụdị.Ọkpụkpụ siri ike kpuchiri ekpuchi mere na mgbaji na-enwekarị ígwè, ihe ndị na-abụghị ọla na ihe nkewa siri ike.Egburu ígwè ingot ingot esi craters na oghere site na njedebe nke balloon na Rolling (forging) enweghị ike welded ọnụ na-emepụta stratification.Nnukwu ntinye na nchara ma nwee ike imepụta nhazi nkewa siri ike.A naghị ekwe ka akwa akwa na ntụpọ nchara na-emetụta nke ọma n'iji ígwè eme ihe.

Isi Ọcha

N'elu ígwè kwụ ọtọ, cross-section acid leaching test ibebe, ọ nweghị iwu nke ogologo ntutu isi dị iche iche.Ọ bụ obere oge na transverse specimen radial, concentric ma ọ bụ oge na-adịghị ekesa, multi-etiti, ma ọ bụ site na ígwè elu nwere ụfọdụ anya.Mgbaji ígwè na transverse ma ọ bụ longitudinal, okirikiri ma ọ bụ oval ọcha pụta ìhè.Nkezi dayameta nke 3 ~ 10mm.Efere efere na longitudinal, transverse fracture e ji mara ọcha tụrụ bụ ihe doro anya, ma mgbaji a gosipụtara na warara ma ọ bụ oval yiri ọcha tụrụ na z.Mgbe ị na-eji nlele mgbaji agbaji agbaji ntụpọ ọcha, ọ kacha mma ibu ụzọ menyụọ ụdị ma menyụọ.

Nkewa

Akụkụ nchara na-ekwekọghị ekwekọ.Ihe omume a abụghị naanị ihe a na-ahụkarị (dị ka carbon, manganese, silicon, sọlfọ, phosphorus) nkesa na-ezighi ezi, kamakwa mgbakwunye na-abụghị ọla na ịdị n'otu nkesa gas.Ihe kpatara ya bụ na nkewa na-ebilite n'oge solidification nke a wụrụ awụ nchara, n'ihi kristal separators.Ọtụtụ mgbe, a na-ejikọta ya na ogo nke ingot nkewa, ígwè, mgbaze na nkedo ọrụ ọnọdụ.Ihe ndị na-emepụta ihe, nkewapụ ihe ndị na-adịghị ọcha na gas, na okpomọkụ nkedo na ọsọ nkedo, na-akawanye njọ ogo nkewa.Ọbụna ígwè na-eji electromagnetic ịkpali nwere ike ibelata ogo nkewa.Na mgbakwunye, mmụba nke ịdị ọcha nchara bụ ihe dị mkpa iji belata nkewa.

Ntinye na-abụghị ọla

Nchara ahụ nwere akụrụngwa igwe yana ihe dị iche iche na-abụghị metallic.Ọ na-ebibi ihe na-aga n'ihu na njirimara isotropic nke metal matrix.Dị ka isi iyi nke na-abụghị ọla inclusions nwere ike kewaa n'ime endogenous inclusions, mba ọzọ inclusions na ha ngwakọta.Endogenous inclusions bụ deoxidation na dị iche iche anụ ahụ na kemịkalụ mmeghachi omume rụrụ site na e guzobere kristal, tumadi ígwè oxygen, sọlfọ, nitrogen, n'etiti ndị ọzọ mmiri na mmeghachi omume ngwaahịa.

tọpụ

Ọ bụghị nnukwu okpomọkụ etching ihe nchara nchara akụkụ anụ ahụ.Thermal etching na nchara cross-ngalaba ụdị, e nwere ọtụtụ pores na nwa specks akwalite, na-eme ka onu na-adịghị ok anụ ahụ, na-akpọ rụrụ mgbe otu n'ime ndị a pores na nwa speck kesara ofụri sub-ule ibe, lekwasị ke n'etiti. A na-akpọ etiti ahụ osteoporosis .Thermal etching na longitudinal specimens gosiri rụrụ n'ọnyá nke ogologo dị iche iche, ma nlezianya anya ma ọ bụ nlebanya na 8 ka 10 ugboro na-ebuli elu iko, straipu enweghị omimi.Ahụrụ porosity site na inyocha microscopy eletrọn ma ọ bụ enwere ike ịhụ streaks distal dendrites enweghị njiri elu igwe kristal.

Agbadere

Mgbe nhazi okpomọkụ nke obere carbon carbon, microstructure nke ferrite na pearlite yiri n'akụkụ ụzọ ntụgharị, nkesa zonal, kpụrụ nchara nchara.Banded Ọdịdị bụ nnoo a ígwè anụ ahụ na-adịghị arụ ọrụ, mmetụta Njirimara nke ígwè, na-emepụta ngwá ọrụ na-abụghị nwoke na nwanyị.Banded ala ígwè ductility, siri ike na Mbelata, karịsịa ukwuu mmetụta na transverse n'ibu Njirimara.