Hoʻokumu ʻia ka hemahema kalapona ma muli o nā mea hana, nā kaʻina hana a me nā hana i ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana i ke kila kalapona a me ka ʻōwili (forging) kaʻina, me ka scarring, māwae, koena shrinkage, layered, kiko keʻokeʻo, segregation, non-metallic inclusions, e like me osteoporosis a banded. ʻAʻohe ʻulaʻula a me ka...
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