He aha ke kila kila?
ʻO ka 'Stainless' kahi huaʻōlelo i hoʻomaka mua ʻia i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i kēia mau kila no nā mea ʻoki ʻoki. Ua lawe ʻia ʻo ia ma ke ʻano he inoa maʻamau no kēia mau kila a ua uhi ʻia i kēia manawa i kahi ākea o nā ʻano kila a me nā māka no ka corrosion a i ʻole nā mea pale oxidation.
ʻO nā kila kila he mau mea hao me ka liʻiliʻi o 10.5% chromium. Hoʻohui ʻia nā mea alloying ʻē aʻe e hoʻomaikaʻi i ko lākou ʻano a me nā waiwai e like me ka formability, ikaika a me ka paʻakikī cryogenic.
ʻO kēia ʻano hana aniani ke hana i kēlā mau kila non-magnetic a liʻiliʻi ka palupalu i nā haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa. No ka ʻoi aku ka paʻakikī a me ka ikaika, hoʻohui ʻia ke kalapona. Ke hoʻokau ʻia i ka mālama wela kūpono, hoʻohana ʻia kēia mau kila e like me nā pahi pahi, cutlery, mea hana etc.
Ua hoʻohana ʻia ka nui o ka manganese i loko o nā hui kila kuhili ʻole. Mālama ʻo Manganese i kahi ʻano austenitic i ke kila e like me ka nickel, akā ma ke kumu kūʻai haʻahaʻa.
ʻO nā mea nui i ke kila kila
ʻO ke kila kila ʻole a i ʻole ka corrosion-resistant steel he ʻano metala i loaʻa i nā ʻano like ʻole. Hoʻohana maikaʻi ia i kā mākou mau pono kūpono a paʻakikī ke loaʻa i kahi ʻāpana o ko mākou ola, kahi a mākou e hoʻohana ʻole ai i kēia ʻano kila. ʻO nā mea nui o ke kila kila: hao, chromium, carbon, nickel, molybdenum a me nā mea liʻiliʻi o nā metala ʻē aʻe.
ʻO kēia mau metala e like me:
- Nikela
- Molybdenum
- Titanium
- keleawe
Hana ʻia nā hoʻohui non-metal, ʻo nā mea nui:
- Kalapona
- Nitrogen
CHROMIUM ME NIKEL:
ʻO Chromium ka mea e hana ai i ke kila kila. He mea nui ia i ka hana ʻana i ke kiʻiʻoniʻoni passive. Hiki i nā mea ʻē aʻe ke hoʻololi i ka pono o ka chromium i ka hana ʻana a mālama ʻana paha i ke kiʻiʻoniʻoni, akā ʻaʻohe mea ʻē aʻe e hiki ke hana i nā waiwai o ke kila kila.
Ma kahi o 10.5% chromium, hoʻokumu ʻia kahi kiʻiʻoniʻoni nāwaliwali a hāʻawi i ka pale ʻoluʻolu o ka lewa. Ma ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka chromium i 17-20%, ka mea maʻamau i ke ʻano-300 series o austenitic stainless steels, hoʻonui ʻia ka paʻa o ka kiʻi passive. ʻO ka hoʻonui hou ʻana i ka ʻike chromium e hāʻawi i ka pale hou.
| hōʻailona | ʻElemu |
| Ua ʻōlelo ʻo Al | Aluminum |
| C | Kalapona |
| Cr | Chromium |
| Cu | keleawe |
| ʻO Fe | hao |
| Mo | Molybdenum |
| ʻO Mn | Manganese |
| N | Nitrogen |
| Ni | Nikela |
| P | Phosphorous |
| S | Sulfur |
| Se | Selenium |
| ʻO Ta | Tantalum |
| ʻO Ti | Titanium |
E hoʻokūpaʻa ʻo Nickel i ke ʻano austenitic (ka palaoa a i ʻole ke aniani kristal) o ke kila kila a hoʻomaikaʻi i nā ʻano mīkini a me nā ʻano hana. ʻO ka maʻiʻo nickel o 8-10% a ma luna e hoʻemi i ka manaʻo o ka metala e haki ma muli o ke koʻikoʻi. Hoʻoikaika pū ʻo Nickel i ka repassivation inā e pōʻino ke kiʻiʻoniʻoni.
MANGANESE:
ʻO Manganese, i hui pū me ka nickel, hana i nā hana he nui i pili i ka nickel. E launa pū me ka sulfur i loko o ke kila kila e hana i nā sulfites manganese, kahi e hoʻonui ai i ke kū'ē i ka pitting corrosion. Ma ka hoʻololi ʻana i ka manganese no ka nickel, a laila hui pū me ka nitrogen, hoʻonui ʻia ka ikaika.
MOLYBDENUM:
ʻO ka Molybdenum, i hui pū me ka chromium, he mea maikaʻi loa ia i ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana i ka kiʻiʻoniʻoni passive i mua o nā chlorides. He mea maikaʻi ia i ka pale ʻana i ka ʻāʻī a i ʻole ka lua ʻana. ʻO Molybdenum, ma hope o ka chromium, hāʻawi i ka piʻi nui loa o ka pale ʻana i ka corrosion i ke kila kila. Hoʻohana ʻo Edstrom Industries i ka 316 stainless no ka mea aia ka 2-3% molybdenum, e hāʻawi i ka pale ke hoʻohui ʻia ka chlorine i ka wai.
Kālepa:
Hoʻohana ʻia ke kalapona e hoʻonui i ka ikaika. Ma ka papa martensitic, hiki i ka hoʻohui ʻana o ke kalapona ke hoʻoikaika i ka paʻakikī ma o ka mālama ʻana i ka wela.
NITROGEN:
Hoʻohana ʻia ʻo Nitrogen e hoʻopaʻa i ke ʻano austenitic o ke kila kila, kahi e hoʻonui ai i kona kūʻē ʻana i ka pitting corrosion a hoʻoikaika i ke kila. ʻO ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka nitrogen e hiki ai ke hoʻonui i ka ʻike molybdenum a hiki i 6%, kahi e hoʻomaikaʻi ai i ka pale ʻana i ka corrosion i nā kaiapuni chloride.
TITANIUM ME MIOBIUM:
Hoʻohana ʻia ʻo Titanium a me Miobium e hōʻemi i ka sensitization o ke kila kila. Ke hoʻomāliʻi ʻia ke kila kuhili ʻole, hiki ke hoʻoulu ʻia ka intergranular corrosion. Hoʻokumu ʻia kēia ma muli o ka ua o ka chrome carbide i ka wā hoʻomaha i ka wā e welded ai nā ʻāpana. Hoʻopau kēia i ka wahi weld o chromium. Me ka ʻole o ka chromium, ʻaʻole hiki ke hana ke kiʻiʻoniʻoni passive. Hoʻopili ʻo Titanium a me Niobium me ke kalapona e hana i nā carbide, e waiho ana i ka chromium i ka hopena i hiki ke hana i kahi kiʻiʻoniʻoni passive.
COPPER ME ALUMINIUM:
Hiki ke hoʻohui ʻia ke keleawe a me ka alumini, me ka Titanium, i ke kila kila e hoʻomaloʻo i kona paʻakikī. Loaʻa ka paʻakikī ma ka hoʻonā ʻana ma kahi mahana o 900 a i 1150F. Hoʻokumu kēia mau mea i kahi microstructure intermetallic paʻakikī i ka wā o ke kaʻina ʻana i ka wela kiʻekiʻe.
SULPHUR ME SELENIUM:
Hoʻohui ʻia ʻo Sulfur a me Selenium i ka 304 stainless e hana i ka mīkini manuahi. Ua lilo kēia i 303 a i ʻole 303SE stainless steel, kahi i hoʻohana ʻia e Edstrom Industries e hana i nā kīʻaha puaʻa, nā nati, a me nā ʻāpana i ʻike ʻole ʻia i ka wai inu.
Nā ʻano kila kila
E wehewehe ana ka AISI i nā papa ma waena o nā mea ʻē aʻe:
ʻIke ʻia hoʻi ʻo "marine grade" stainless steel ma muli o kona hiki ke hoʻonui i ka pale ʻana i ka wai paʻakai i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ke ʻano 304. Hoʻohana pinepine ʻia ka SS316 no ke kūkulu ʻana i nā mea kanu nuklea.
304/304L HAAWINA OLE
He haʻahaʻa iki ka ikaika o ka Type 304 ma mua o 302 ma muli o kona ʻano kalapona haʻahaʻa.
316/316L HAAWINA OLE
Type 316/316L Stainless Steel he kila molybdenum i hoʻomaikaʻi ʻia i ke kūʻē ʻana i ka luaʻi ʻana ma o nā hopena i loaʻa nā chlorides a me nā halides ʻē aʻe.
310S SILA OLE
ʻO 310S Stainless Steel he kūʻē maikaʻi loa i ka oxidation ma lalo o nā mahana mau a hiki i 2000 ° F.
317L HAAWINA OLE
ʻO 317L kahi molybdenum e lawe ana i ka austenitic chromium nickel steel e like me ke ʻano 316, koe wale nō ka mea i hoʻohui ʻia ma 317L ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe.
321/321H HAAWINA OLE
ʻO ke ʻano 321 ka ʻano kumu 304 i hoʻololi ʻia e ka hoʻohui ʻana i ka titanium i ka nui ma ka liʻiliʻi he 5 mau manawa o ke kalapona a me nā ʻike nitrogen.
410 HAAWINA OLE
ʻO ke ʻano 410 kahi kila kuhili martensitic he magnetic, kūʻē i ka corrosion ma nā wahi ʻoluʻolu a maikaʻi loa ka ductility.
DUPLEX 2205 (UNS S31803)
ʻO Duplex 2205 (UNS S31803), a i ʻole Avesta Sheffield 2205 he kila kila ferritic-austenitic.
HOʻOPIʻI ʻIA ʻO nā ʻūhā ʻuʻuku e ko lākou ʻano CRYSTALLINE:
- Loaʻa nā kila kuhili ʻole Austenitic ma luna o 70% o ka nui o ka hana kila kuhili. Loaʻa iā lākou ka nui o ka 0.15% kalapona, ka liʻiliʻi o 16% chromium a me ka nickel a me / a i ʻole manganese lawa e mālama i kahi ʻano austenitic ma nā mahana āpau mai ka ʻāina cryogenic a hiki i ka helu heheʻe o ka alloy. ʻO ka haku mele maʻamau he 18% chromium a me 10% nickel, i ʻike mau ʻia ʻo 18/10 stainless i hoʻohana pinepine ʻia i nā papa pālahalaha. E like me 18/0 a me 18/8 i loaʻa pū kekahi. ¨Superaustenitic〃 nā kila kila, e like me ka alloy AL-6XN a me 254SMO, e hōʻike ana i ke kūʻē nui ʻana i ka chloride pitting a me ka crevice corrosion ma muli o ke kiʻekiʻe o ka Molybdenum i loko (>6%) a me nā mea hoʻohui nitrogen a ʻo ka ʻike nickel kiʻekiʻe e hōʻoia i ka pale maikaʻi ʻana i ka pohā pilikia-corrosion. ma luna o ka 300 series. ʻO ke kiʻekiʻe o nā mea hao hao "Superaustenitic" ʻo ia hoʻi, he makaʻu nui lākou a hiki ke loaʻa ka hana like me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā kila duplex ma ke kumu kūʻai haʻahaʻa loa.
- ʻAʻole hiki ke hoʻopaʻaʻa ʻia me ka mālama ʻana i ka wela. Aia ma waena o 10.5% a me 27% chromium a me ka nickel liʻiliʻi loa, inā he. ʻO ka hapa nui o nā haku mele he molybdenum; kekahi, alumini a titanium paha. ʻO nā māka ferritic maʻamau ka 18Cr-2Mo, 26Cr-1Mo, 29Cr-4Mo, a me 29Cr-4Mo-2Ni.
- ʻAʻole hiki ke pale ʻia nā kila kuhili martensitic e like me nā papa ʻelua ʻē aʻe, akā ikaika loa a paʻakikī a hiki i ka mīkini, a hiki ke paʻakikī i ka mālama ʻana i ka wela. Aia i loko o ke kila kila Martensitic ka chromium (12-14%), molybdenum (0.2-1%), ʻaʻohe nickel, a ma kahi o 0.1-1% kalapona (e hāʻawi ana i ka paʻakikī akā e hana i ka mea i ʻoi aku ka palupalu). Ua kinai ia a me ka magnetic. Ua kapa ʻia ʻo ia he kila "series-00".
- Loaʻa i nā kila kila Duplex kahi microstructure hui ʻia o austenite a me ka ferrite, ʻo ka pahuhopu e hana i kahi hui 50:50 ʻoiai ma nā ʻāpana kalepa ʻo ka hui ʻana he 60:40. Ua ʻoi aku ka ikaika o ke kila Duplex ma luna o nā kila stainless austenitic a ua hoʻomaikaʻi hoʻi i ke kūʻē ʻana i ka corrosion kūloko, ʻoi aku ka pitting, crevice corrosion a me ke koʻikoʻi corrosion cracking. Hōʻike ʻia lākou e ka chromium kiʻekiʻe a me nā mea nickel haʻahaʻa ma mua o nā kila stainless austenitic.
Moolelo o ke kila kila
Ke ola nei kekahi mau mea hao me ka ʻino mai ka wā kahiko. ʻO kahi hiʻohiʻona kaulana (a nui loa) ʻo ka Iron Pillar o Delhi, i kūkulu ʻia e ke kauoha a Kumara Gupta I a puni ka makahiki AD 400. Eia naʻe, ʻaʻole like me ke kila kila, ʻaʻole kēia mau artifacts i ko lākou lōʻihi ʻaʻole i ka chromium, akā i ko lākou kiʻekiʻe phosphorus maʻiʻo. ʻo ia me ka maikaʻi o ka ʻāina e hoʻoikaika i ka hoʻokumu ʻana i kahi papa passivation pale paʻa o ka hao oxides a me ka phosphates, ma mua o ka pale ʻole, ka papa ʻōpala māwae e ulu ana ma ka hapa nui o ka hao.
Ua ʻike mua ʻia ke kūpaʻa ʻino o nā mea hao-chromium i ka makahiki 1821 e ka mea hoʻoheheʻe Palani ʻo Pierre Berthier, nāna i ʻike i ko lākou kūʻē ʻana i ka hoʻouka ʻana e kekahi mau waikawa a manaʻo i kā lākou hoʻohana ʻana i ka ʻoki ʻoki. Eia naʻe, ʻaʻole hiki i nā mea hoʻoheheʻe ʻia o ke kenekulia 19 ke hana i ka hui ʻana o ke kalapona haʻahaʻa a me ka chromium kiʻekiʻe i loaʻa i ka nui o nā kila kuhili ʻole o kēia wā, a ʻo nā mea hao chromium kiʻekiʻe i hiki iā lākou ke hana, he palupalu loa ʻaʻole ia he hoihoi kūpono.
Ua loli kēia kūlana i ka hopena o nā makahiki 1890, i ka wā i hoʻomohala ai ʻo Hans Goldschmidt o Kelemania i kahi kaʻina aluminothermic (thermite) no ka hana ʻana i ka chromium kalapona ʻole. I nā makahiki 19041911, ua hoʻomākaukau kekahi mau mea noiʻi, ʻo Leon Guillet o Farani, i nā mea hao e manaʻo ʻia i kēia lā he kila kila. I ka makahiki 1911, ua hōʻike ʻo Philip Monnartz o Kelemania i ka pilina ma waena o ka maʻiʻo chromium a me ka pale ʻana i ka corrosion o kēia mau alloys.
ʻO Harry Brearley o ke keʻena noiʻi ʻo Brown-Firth ma Sheffield, ʻEnelani ka mea i manaʻo nui ʻia ʻo ia ka "mea hana" o nā mea kila.
kila. I ka makahiki 1913, ʻoiai ʻo ia e ʻimi ana i kahi huila pale-erosion no nā pahu pū, ua ʻike ʻo ia a ma hope iho ua hana ʻo ia i kahi ʻāpana kila stainless martensitic. Eia naʻe, ua hana ʻia nā hanana ʻoihana like i kēia manawa ma ka Krupp Iron Works ma Kelemānia, kahi i kūkulu ai ʻo Eduard Maurer lāua ʻo Benno Strauss i kahi alloy austenitic (21% chromium, 7% nickel), a ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa, kahi o Christian Dantsizen lāua ʻo Frederick Becket e hana ana i ka ferritic stainless.
E ʻoluʻolu e ʻoluʻolu e hoihoi paha ʻoe i nā ʻatikala ʻenehana ʻē aʻe a mākou i paʻi ai:
Ka manawa hoʻouna: Iune-16-2022