I ka honua o ke kila, nā paipu kila kila a me nā paipu kila carbon e like me nā kaikunāne ʻelua me nā ʻano ʻokoʻa loa. ʻOiai kaʻana like ʻana o ka ʻohana, loaʻa i kēlā me kēia i ko lākou ʻano hiʻohiʻona. He kūlana hiki ʻole ke hoʻololi ʻia ma nā ʻano like ʻole e like me ka ʻoihana, ke kūkulu hale, a me nā lako hale. Hoʻokūkū a hui pū kekahi me kekahi, a wehewehe pū i ka mokuna kupanaha o ke au kila.

ʻO ka mua, kahi hoʻomaka like
ʻO nā paipu kila kila a me nā paipu kila carbon nā huahana kila. Hana ʻia lākou ma o ke kaʻina hana e like me ka hana hao, ka hana kila, a me ka ʻōwili. Ma kēia kaʻina hana, ʻo ke koho ʻana i nā mea maka, ka mākaukau o ka ʻenehana hana kila, a me ka ʻenehana hoʻoponopono ma hope he hopena koʻikoʻi i ka maikaʻi a me ka hana o nā huahana. No laila, inā he paipu kila kila a i ʻole nā ​​paipu kila carbon, hōʻike lākou i nā mea hou loa i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka ʻoihana kila.

ʻO ka lua, hana ʻokoʻa
ʻOiai ʻo nā paipu kila kila a me nā paipu kila kalapona i nā kaʻina hana like, he ʻokoʻa ko lākou i ka hana. Ma muli o ka ʻokoʻa o kā lākou haku mele ʻana. Loaʻa i nā paipu kila kila ka hapa kiʻekiʻe o ka chromium, kahi e loaʻa ai ke kūpaʻa corrosion maikaʻi loa a me ke kūpaʻa oxidation a hiki ke mālama i ka hana maikaʻi a hiki i nā wahi paʻakikī. ʻO nā paipu kila kalapona ka nui o nā mea kalapona, me ka ikaika kiʻekiʻe a me ka paʻakikī, akā ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka pale corrosion.

ʻO kēia mauʻokoʻa ka mea e hana ai i nā paipu kila kila a me nā paipu kila kalapona e hōʻike ana i kahi māhele o ka hana ma ke kahua noi. No ka laʻana, ma ke kahua o nā kemika, nā lāʻau lapaʻau, nā meaʻai, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe, ua lilo nā paipu kila kila i mea koho maikaʻi loa no ka mea e ʻike pinepine ʻia nā mea hana a me nā pipeline i nā mea corrosive. Ma nā kahua o nā hale kūkulu, nā mīkini hana, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe, ua noho nā paipu kila carbon i kahi kūlana koʻikoʻi me ko lākou ikaika kiʻekiʻe a me nā pono haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa.

ʻO ke kolu, ke kaʻina hana o ka hoʻomohala maʻamau
Ma ka mākeke kila, ʻo nā paipu kila kila a me nā paipu kila carbon nā mea hoʻokūkū a me nā hoa. ʻOiai e hoʻokūkū ana no ka māhele mākeke, hoʻolaha mau lākou i ka hoʻomohala ʻana o kekahi i kekahi. No ka laʻana, me ka holomua o ka ʻepekema a me ka ʻenehana a me ka hoʻololi ʻana o ka makemake o nā mea kūʻai aku, ʻo nā paipu kila kila a me nā paipu kila kalapona e hoʻomohala mau nei i nā ʻano like ʻole a me nā ʻenehana e hoʻokō i ka noi mākeke. ʻO kēia pilina o ka hoʻokūkū a me ka launa pū ʻana ʻaʻole ia e hāpai wale i ka pōmaikaʻi a me ka hoʻomohala ʻana o ka ʻoihana kila akā hāʻawi pū i nā mea kūʻai aku i nā koho kiʻekiʻe.

ʻO ka hā, ke ʻano o ka noho pū ʻana a me ka symbiosis
Ke nānā nei i ka wā e hiki mai ana, e hoʻomau ka hana nui o nā paipu kila kila a me nā paipu kila kalapona i kā lākou ʻoihana. Me ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana o ka ʻike kaiapuni a me ka piʻi ʻana o ka liʻiliʻi o nā kumuwaiwai, ʻo ka ʻōmaʻomaʻo, haʻahaʻa-carbon, a me nā huahana kila maikaʻi e lilo i kumu nui o ka mākeke. Ma kēia pōʻaiapili, pono nā paipu kila kila a me nā paipu kila kalapona e hoʻomaikaʻi mau i kā lākou ʻike loea a me ka waiwai i hoʻohui ʻia e hoʻololi i nā loli o ka noi mākeke.

I ka manawa like, me ka holomua mau o ka ʻepekema a me ka ʻenehana a me ke ʻano o ka hoʻohui ʻana i nā palena ʻāina, e lilo nā palena ma waena o nā paipu kila kila a me nā paipu kila kalapona. No ka laʻana, ma ka hoʻokomo ʻana i ka ʻenehana lapaʻau kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe, nā mea i hoʻohui ʻia, a me nā ʻano ʻē aʻe, hiki ke hoʻomaikaʻi hou ʻia ka pale ʻana i ka corrosion a me ke ola lawelawe o nā paipu kila kalapona; ʻoiai hiki i nā paipu kila kila ke hōʻemi i nā kumukūʻai a me ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ka pono hana ma o ka hoʻolālā ʻana a me nā kaʻina hana. ʻO kēia ʻano o ka symbiosis e kōkua i ka ʻoihana kila e hoʻokō i ke kūlana kiʻekiʻe a me ka hoʻomohala hoʻomau.

I ka pōkole, ma ke ʻano he ʻelua mau lālā koʻikoʻi o ka ʻohana kila, nā paipu kila kila a me nā paipu kila kalapona i ko lākou mau hiʻohiʻona ponoʻī e pili ana i ka hana, noi, a me ka hoʻokūkū mākeke. Eia naʻe, ʻo kēia mau ʻokoʻa ka mea e hiki ai iā lākou ke hoʻokō i kekahi i kekahi a hoʻomohala pū i ka honua kila. I ka wā e hiki mai ana, loaʻa iā mākou ke kumu e manaʻoʻiʻo ai e hoʻomau ka neʻe ʻana o nā paipu kila kila a me nā paipu kila carbon i mua i ka lima a kākau pū i kahi mokuna hanohano i ka makahiki kila.