Ka nānā 'ana i ke kū'ē 'ana i ka maika'i o ka maika'i o ka paipu kila a me nā hana pale
Hana mākou i ka ʻikepili helu no ka maikaʻi o ka huahana o nā paipu kila ʻole. Mai nā hualoaʻa helu, hiki iā mākou ke hoʻomaopopo i kēlā me kēia mea hana i nā hemahema (ka hana ʻana i nā māwae, nā ʻili ʻeleʻele ʻeleʻele, nā ʻili kūloko, ka pitch kokoke, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe), nā ana geometric, a me ka hana e pili ana i ka maikaʻi o ka huahana. (nā waiwai mechanical, haku mele, hoʻopaʻa ʻana), piʻo paipu kila, palahalaha, nā niho, ʻinoʻino ka paipu kila, ka lua, nā hemahema i hala, nā lula huikau, ke kila huikau, a me nā hemahema ʻē aʻe.

Nā kūlana hana no nā paipu kila maʻemaʻe: nā koi kūpono no nā paipu kila maʻemaʻe
1. ʻO ke kinikini o ke kila; ʻO ka hui kemika o ke kila ka mea nui e pili ana i ka hana o nā paipu kila ʻole. ʻO ia hoʻi ke kumu nui no ka hoʻokumu ʻana i nā ʻāpana kaʻina kaʻina paipu a me nā ʻāpana kaʻina hana hoʻomaʻamaʻa wela. I ka maʻamau o ka paipu kila maʻemaʻe, e like me nā hoʻohana like ʻole o ka paipu kila, ua kau ʻia nā koi kūpono no ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana i ke kila a me ke ʻano hana o nā paipu blanks, a ua hana ʻia nā hoʻoponopono koʻikoʻi ma ka haku mele. ʻO ka mea nui, ua kau ʻia nā koi no ka ʻike o kekahi mau mea kemika ʻino (arsenic, tin, antimony, lead, bismuth) a me nā kinoea (nitrogen, hydrogen, oxygen, etc.). No ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ka like ʻole o ka hui kemika o ke kila a me ka maʻemaʻe o ke kila, e hōʻemi i nā inclusions non-metallic i loko o nā blanks tube, a hoʻomaikaʻi i kā lākou hāʻawi ʻana, hoʻohana pinepine ʻia nā mea hoʻomaʻemaʻe waho e hoʻomaʻemaʻe i ke kila hoʻoheheʻe ʻia, a hiki i nā kapuahi electro slag. hoʻohana ʻia no ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻana i nā blank tube. Hehee a hoomaemae.

2. Piula kila geometric ana pololei a me waho anawaena; ʻO ka pololei o ke anawaena o ka paipu kila, ka mānoanoa o ka paia, ka ovality, ka lōʻihi, ka curvature o ka paipu kila, ka ʻoki ʻoki ʻana o ka paipu kila, ka ʻoki ʻoki ʻoki ʻana o ka paipu kila, ka kihi bevel a me ka ʻaoʻao blunt, nā ʻāpana kea o nā paipu kila kūikawā.

1. 2. 1 Paipu kila ma waho anawaena pololei ʻO ka pololei o ke anawaena o waho o nā paipu kila maʻemaʻe e pili ana i keʻano o ka hoʻoholoʻana (hoʻemi) ke anawaena (me ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa), nā kūlana hana hana, ka'ōnaehana kaʻina hana, a me nā mea'ē aʻe. i ka pololei o ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i ka lua o ka mīkini paʻa (hōʻemi) anawaena a me ka puʻunaue a me ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i ka deformation o kēlā me kēia kiʻi. ʻO ka pololei o ke anawaena o waho o nā paipu kila liʻiliʻi i hana ʻia i ke anuanu (抜) e pili ana i ka pololei o ka mold a i ʻole ka holo ʻana.

1. 2. 2 Wall mānoanoa ʻO ka pololei o ka mānoanoa o ka paia o nā paipu kila maʻemaʻe e pili ana i ka maikaʻi o ka hoʻomehana ʻana o ka pahu blank, nā ʻāpana hoʻolālā kaʻina hana a me nā ʻāpana hoʻoponopono o kēlā me kēia kaʻina deformation, ka maikaʻi o nā mea hana, a me kā lākou lubrication maikaʻi. Hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ka mānoanoa pā like ʻole o nā paipu kila e like me ka mānoanoa o ka paia transverse a me ka mānoanoa o ka paia longitudinal.

3. Ka maikai o ka ili o na paipu kila; ʻO ke kūlana maʻamau ka mea e koi ai i nā koi o nā paipu kila. Eia nō naʻe, aia ma kahi o 10 mau ʻano hemahema o ka ʻili i nā paipu kila i kumu ʻia e nā kumu like ʻole i ka wā o ke kaʻina hana. Me nā māwae ili (nā māwae), nā laina lauoho, nā peʻa o loko, nā peʻa waho, nā pū, nā ʻōleʻa o loko, nā ʻaoʻao o waho, nā papa hoʻokaʻawale, nā ʻulaʻula, nā lua, nā puʻupuʻu convex, nā lua (lua), nā ʻōpala (Scratches) ala, laina ʻōmaʻomaʻo, hoʻoponopono concave, paʻi wili, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe. Ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, hana ia i ka wā o ke kaʻina hana, ʻo ia hoʻi, inā ʻaʻole kūpono ka hoʻolālā ʻana o ke kaʻina hana, ʻaʻole maʻalahi ka ʻili o ka mea hana (mold), maikaʻi ʻole nā ​​kūlana lubrication, kūpono ʻole ka hoʻolālā pass a me ka hoʻoponopono ʻana, etc. ., e puka mai paha ka paipu kila. Nā pilikia o ka maikaʻi o ka ʻili; a i ʻole i ka wā o ka hoʻomehana ʻana, ka ʻōwili ʻana, ka mālama ʻana i ka wela, a me ke kaʻina hana hoʻopololei o ka paipu paʻa (paipu kila), inā i kū ʻia ma muli o ka mālama pono ʻole ʻana i ka mahana wela, ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻole ʻana, ka wela kūpono ʻole a me ka wikiwiki hoʻoluʻu, a i ʻole ka hoʻopololei hoʻopololei keu ʻO ke koʻikoʻi koena paha. ke kumu o ka nahaha o ka ili o ka paipu kila.

4. Nā waiwai kino a me nā kemika o nā paipu kila; ʻO nā waiwai kino a me nā kinona o nā paipu kila e pili ana i nā waiwai mechanical o nā paipu kila ma ka lumi wela, nā waiwai mechanical i kekahi wela (nā waiwai ikaika wela a i ʻole nā ​​​​mea haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa), a me ka pale ʻana i ka corrosion (anti-oxidation, water corrosion resistance, acid and ka pale ʻana i ka alkali, etc.). ʻO ka ʻōlelo maʻamau, ʻo nā waiwai kino a me nā kemika o nā paipu kila e hilinaʻi nui ʻia i ka haku mele, ka hoʻonohonoho hoʻonohonoho ʻana, a me ka maʻemaʻe o ke kila, a me ke ʻano o ka mālama wela o ka paipu kila. ʻOiaʻiʻo, i kekahi mau hihia, ʻo ka ʻōwili wela a me ka ʻōnaehana deformation o ka paipu kila ka hopena i ka hana o ka paipu kila.

5. Ke kaʻina hana paipu kila; ʻO ke kaʻina hana o ka paipu kila e pili ana i nā waiwai o ka hoʻopalapala ʻana, ka lapalapa, ka ʻōwili ʻana, ke kuʻi ʻana, ke kaha kiʻi apo, a me ke kuʻi ʻana o nā paipu kila.

6. 'Oihana paipu kila; ʻO ka hana metallographic o ka paipu kila e pili ana i ka hoʻonui haʻahaʻa a me ka hoʻonui kiʻekiʻe o ka paipu kila.

7 Nā koi kūikawā no nā paipu kila; nā kūlana kūikawā i koiʻia e nā mea kūʻai.

ʻO nā pilikia maikaʻi i ke kaʻina hana o nā paipu kila maʻemaʻe - Nā hemahema maikaʻi o nā pahu pahu a me kā lākou pale ʻana
1. Hiki ke hoʻolei ʻia nā paipu kila maʻemaʻe, i ʻōwili ʻia (forged) i nā kīʻaha puʻupuʻu, i hoʻolei ʻia i ka centrifugally i hoʻolei ʻia a i ʻole nā ​​​​mea kila. Ma ke kaʻina hana maoli, hoʻohana nui ʻia nā blank tube puni honua no ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa a me ka maikaʻi o ka ʻili.

1.1 ʻO ke ʻano, ke ʻano, a me nā hemahema o ka ʻili o ka paipu blank

1. 1. 1 Ke ano a me ke kino kīnā No ka poepoe paipu blanks, ka helehelena a me ke kino kīnā o ka paipu blank ka mea nui i loko o ka anawaena a me ka ovality o ka paipu blank, a me ka hope oki alo. No nā mea kila, ʻo ka hiʻohiʻona a me ke ʻano o nā hemahema o nā blank tube ka mea nui i ke ʻano hewa o ka ingot kila ma muli o ke komo ʻana o ka mold ingot. ʻAʻole ʻae ʻia ke anawaena a me ka ovality o ka pahu poepoe: I ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻana, manaʻoʻiʻo ʻia i ka wā e hū ʻia ai ka pahu pahu, ʻo ka hoʻemi ʻana ma mua o ka puʻupuʻu i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ka nui o ka pelu ʻana i loko o ka paipu capillary perforated. ʻOi aku ka nui o ka hoʻēmi ʻana o ka plug, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka paipu blank. Hoʻokumu mua ʻia nā pores, a ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o nā capillaries i nā māwae o loko. I ka wā o ke kaʻina hana maʻamau, ua hoʻoholo ʻia nā ʻāpana hole o ka mīkini punching ma muli o ke anawaena nominal o ka pahu blank a me ke anawaena o waho a me ka mānoanoa o ka pā o ka paipu capillary. Ke hoʻoponopono ʻia ke ʻano o ka puka, inā ʻoi aku ka nui o ka ʻāpana o waho o ka pahu i ka hoʻomanawanui maikaʻi, ʻo ka hoʻemi ʻana ma mua o ka piʻi ʻana o ka plug a ʻo ka puʻupuʻu capillary perforated e hoʻohua i nā kīnā i loko; inā ʻoi aku ka nui o ke anawaena o waho o ka paipu i ka hoʻomanawanui ʻino, ʻo ka emi ʻana ma mua o ka emi ʻana o ka pākuʻi, ka hopena o ka pahu pahu. Ka nui o ka ovality: I ka wa e like ole ka ovality o ka paipu blank, e huli paʻa ka paipu blank ma hope o ke komo ʻana i ka perforation deformation zone, a na ka poe wili e wili i ka ili o ka paipu blank, e hoʻopōʻino ai i ka ʻili o ka paipu capillary. ʻAʻole ʻae ʻia ka ʻoki hope ʻana o ka paipu poepoe: ʻAʻole kūlike ka mānoanoa o ka paia o ka ʻaoʻao mua o ka paipu capillary perforated o ka pahu blank. ʻO ke kumu nui ke loaʻa ʻole kahi puka kikowaena o ka pahu pahu, e hālāwai ka plug i ka maka hope o ka pahu blank i ka wā o ke kaʻina perforation. No ka mea he pali nui ma ka ʻaoʻao hope o ka paipu blank, he mea paʻakikī i ka ihu o ke plug ke hoʻokomo i ke kikowaena o ka pahu blank, e hopena i ka mānoanoa o ka paia o ka maka hope o ka paipu capillary. ʻAʻole like.

1. 1. 2 Nā pōʻino maikaʻi o ka ʻili (hoʻoheheʻe mau ʻia ka pahu pōʻai ʻole) Nā māwae o ka ʻili ma ka pahu hakahaka: nā māwae kū pololei, nā māwae transverse, nā māwae pūnaewele. Nā kumu o nā māwae kū pololei:
A. ʻO ke kahe deflection i hana ʻia e ka misalignment o ka nozzle a me ka crystallizer e holoi i ka pūpū paʻa o ka paipu blank;
B. Ka reliability o ka mold slag mea ilihune, a me ka wai slag papa manoanoa a lahilahi paha, i ka hopena i uneven slag film mānoanoa a me ka kūloko solidification iwi o ka paipu blank loa lahilahi.
C. ʻO ka piʻi ʻana o ka pae wai aniani (inā ʻo ka piʻi ʻana o ka pae wai he >± 10mm, ʻo ka nui o ka puka ʻana o ka māwae ma kahi o 30%);
D. P a me S ma ke kila. (P > 0. 017%, S > 0. 027%, hoʻonui nā māwae longitudinal);
E. I ka C ma ke kila ma waena o 0. 12% a me 0. 17%, mahuahua ka mawae longitudinal.

Mālama:
A. E hōʻoia i ka hoʻopili ʻana o ka nozzle a me ka crystallizer;
B. Pono e paʻa ka piʻi ʻana o ka wai aniani;
C. E hoʻohana i ka taper crystallization kūpono;
D. E koho i ka pauka pale me ka hana maikaʻi loa;
E. E hoʻohana i ka crystallizer wela wela.

Nā kumu o nā māwae transverse:
A. ʻO nā kaha haʻalulu hohonu loa ke kumu nui o nā māwae transverse;
B. ʻO ka maʻiʻo o (niobium, a me ka alumini) i loko o ke kila piʻi, ʻo ia ke kumu.
C. Hoʻopololei ʻia ka pahu pahu i ka 900-700 ℃.
D. ʻOi aku ka nui o ka hoʻoluʻu lua.

Mālama:
A. Hoʻohana ka crystallizer i ke alapine kiʻekiʻe a me ka amplitude liʻiliʻi e hōʻemi i ka hohonu o nā kaha vibration ma ka ʻili o loko o ka papa;
B. Hoʻohana ka ʻāpana hoʻoluʻu lua i kahi ʻōnaehana hoʻoluʻu palupalu paʻa e hōʻoia i ka ʻoi aku o ka mahana o ka ʻili ma mua o 900 degere i ka wā hoʻopololei.
C. E mālama pono i ka pae wai aniani;
D. E hoʻohana i ka pauka mold me ka hana lubrication maikaʻi a me ka viscosity haʻahaʻa.

ʻO nā kumu o ka haki ʻana o ka ʻili pūnaewele:
H. 'O ka papa ho'ohehe'e wela ki'eki'e e ho'omohu i ke keleawe mai ka po'i, a lilo ke keleawe i wai, a laila e kahe ana ma na palena o ka palaoa austenite;
B. ʻO nā mea koena i loko o ke kila (e like me ke keleawe, ka tin, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe) e waiho ma luna o ka ʻili o ka paipu blank a kahe i waho ma nā palena ʻai;

Mālama:
A. ʻO ka ʻili o ka crystallizer he chromium-plated e hoʻonui i ka paʻakikī o ka ʻili;
B. E hoʻohana i ka nui kūpono o ka wai hoʻomaha lua;
C. E hoʻomalu i nā mea koena i ke kila.
D. E hoʻomalu i ka waiwai Mn/S e hōʻoia i ka Mn/S>40. Manaʻo nui ʻia inā ʻaʻole i ʻoi aku ka hohonu o ka pohā o ka ʻili o ka paipu ma mua o 0. 5mm, e hoʻoneʻe ʻia nā māwae i ka wā o ka hoʻomehana ʻana a ʻaʻole ia e hana i nā māwae ʻili i ka paipu kila. No ka mea, e ho'oma'ema'e loa 'ia nā māwae ma luna o ka 'ili o ka paipu i ka wā o ka ho'omehana 'ana, ua hui pinepine 'ia nā māwae me nā mea oxidation a me ka decarburization phenomena ma hope o ka holo 'ana.