Nā koi kūpono no nā paipu kila kalapona:

1. Hoʻohui kemika

Hoʻopukaʻia nā koi no ka maʻiʻo o nā meaʻinoʻino e like me, Sn, Sb, Bi, Pb a me ke kinoea N, H, O, a me nā mea'ē aʻe. e ho'ēmi i nā mea i hoʻokomoʻoleʻia i loko o ka paipu paipu a hoʻomaikaʻi i kona moku'āina hoʻolaha, hoʻomaʻemaʻe pinepineʻia ke kila hoʻoheheʻeʻia e ka hoʻomaʻemaʻeʻana i nā mea hana ma waho o ka umu ahi, a hiki i ka pahu billet ke hoʻoheheʻeʻia a hoʻomaʻemaʻeʻia e kahi kapuahi electroslag.

2. Ka pololei a me ke kinona

ʻO ke ʻano geometric ruler o nā paipu kila kalapona e hoʻokomo i ke anawaena o ka paipu kila: ka mānoanoa o ka paia, ellipticity, lōʻihi, curvature, inclination o ka maka hope o ka paipu, bevel angle a me ka ʻaoʻao blunt, cross-sectional nui o ke kila wahine. paipu, etc.

3. Ka maikaʻi o ka ʻili
Hōʻike ka maʻamau i nā koi no "ka pau ʻana o ka ʻili" o nā paipu ʻeleʻele carbon steel. ʻO nā hemahema maʻamau: nā māwae, nā lau lauoho, nā peʻa o loko, nā ʻāpana o waho, ka ʻokiʻoki, nā pololei o loko, nā ʻaoʻao o waho, nā papa hoʻokaʻawale, nā ʻulaʻula, nā lua, nā hull convex, nā lua hemp (pimples), nā ʻōpala (nā ʻōpala), nā ʻili o loko, nā ʻili waho, ʻōmaʻomaʻo. laina, hoʻoponopono concave, paʻi wili, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe, ma waena o lākou, nā māwae, nā ʻāpana o loko, nā peʻa waho, ka ʻoki ʻana, ka delamination, ka ʻili, nā lua, convex hulls, etc. ʻO nā laina pololei waho, nā ʻili liʻiliʻi o loko a me waho, nā hoʻoponopono concave, a me nā kaha ʻōwili o nā paipu kila he mau hemahema maʻamau.

4. Ka waiwai kino a me ke kemika
Hoʻokomo pū ʻia nā waiwai mechanical ma ka lumi wela a ma kahi mahana (ikaika wela a me nā waiwai haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa) a me ke kūpaʻa corrosion (e like me ke kūpaʻa oxidation,
ʻO ke kūpaʻa ʻana o ka wai, ka ʻakika a me ke kūpaʻa alkali, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe) e hilinaʻi maʻamau i ka haku mele, microstructure a me ka maʻemaʻe o ke kila, a me ke ʻano hana wela o ke kila. I kekahi mau hihia, ʻo ka ʻōwili wela a me ke ʻano o ka deformation o ka paipu kila e pili pū i ka hana o ka paipu kila.

5. Hana kaʻina hana
Hoʻopili pū ʻia me ka hoʻoulu ʻana, ka palahalaha, ka hemming, ke kuʻi ʻana, ke kaha kiʻi apo a me nā waiwai wili o nā paipu kila.

6. ʻO ka hana metallographic
Me ka hoʻonui haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa a me ka hoʻonui kiʻekiʻe o nā paipu kila.

7. Nā koi kūikawā
ʻO nā koi ma mua o nā kūlana i hāpai ʻia e nā mea hoʻohana i ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā paipu kila.