ʻO ka paipu kūpaʻa kiʻekiʻe ke kūpaʻa ʻana i ka oxidation.He kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe wela ka ikaika, oxidation kū'ē, carburization kū'ē, ikaika kaʻakika kū'ē, alkali kū'ē, tensile ikaika a me ka lole pale.ʻOi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ke kalapona o ka element...
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