Nā hiʻohiʻona:
1.Paipu kila kalapona haʻahaʻame ka lauwili olehe kila kalapona me ka nui o ke kalapona ma lalo o 0.25%. Ua kapa ʻia ʻo ia he kila māmā ma muli o kona ikaika haʻahaʻa, haʻahaʻa paʻakikī a palupalu.
2. Ka annealed hale o ka haʻahaʻa kalapona kila tubing me ka seamless he ferrite a me ka uuku nui o ka pearlite, he haʻahaʻa ikaika a me ka paakiki, a maikai plasticity a me ka toughness.
3. Haʻahaʻa kalapona kila paipu me ka seamless i maikai anu formability a hiki ke anu ma ka crimping, kulou, hehi, etc.
4. Haʻahaʻa kalapona kila tubing me ka seamless i maikai weldability. E maʻalahi e ʻae i nā ʻano hana like ʻole e forging, welding a ʻoki.

Hana wela:
ʻO ka haʻahaʻa carbon steel tubing me ka seamless he nui ke ʻano o ka ʻelemakule, ka hoʻopau a me ka ʻelemakule, a me ka deformation a me ka ʻelemakule. Ke hoʻoluʻu ke kila mai ka wela kiʻekiʻe, ua supersaturated ka carbon a me ka nitrogen i loko o ka ferrite, a hiki ke hoʻokumu mālie ʻia ke kalapona a me ka nitrogen i ka hao i ka mahana maʻamau, i hoʻomaikaʻi ʻia ka ikaika a me ka paʻakikī o ke kila, a me ka ductility. a hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻia ka paʻakikī. Kapa ʻia kēia ʻano he quenching aging. ʻO nā paipu kila kalapona haʻahaʻa me ka seamless e loaʻa ka hopena kahiko inā ʻaʻole i kinai ʻia. ʻO ka deformation o ka haʻahaʻa kalapona kila paipu me ka seamless hua nui helu o dislocations. ʻO nā ʻātoma kalapona a me ka naikokene i loko o ka ferrite e launa pū me nā dislocations, a ʻo nā ʻātoma kalapona a me ka nitrogen e ʻākoakoa a puni nā laina dislocation. ʻO kēia hui pū ʻana o nā ʻātoma kalapona a me ka nitrogen a me nā laina dislocation i kapa ʻia ʻo Cochrane gas mass (Kelly gas mass). Hoʻonui ia i ka ikaika a me ka paʻakikī o ke kila a hoʻemi i ka ductility a me ka paʻakikī. Kapa ʻia kēia ʻano he deformation aging. ʻOi aku ka pōʻino o ka ʻelemakule deformation i ka ductility a me ka paʻakikī o ke kila kalapona haʻahaʻa ma mua o ka hoʻopau ʻana i ka ʻelemakule. Loaʻa nā kiko o luna a me lalo i ka pihi tensile o ke kila kalapona haʻahaʻa. Mai ka ʻaoʻao kiʻekiʻe a hiki i ka hopena o ka hoʻonui ʻana, ua kapa ʻia kahi kāʻei wrinkle ma luna o ka ʻili o ka hāpana ma muli o ka deformation ʻole. Hoʻopau pinepine ʻia nā ʻāpana stamping. ʻElua ala e pale aku ai. ʻO keʻano hoʻololi kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe, ua kauʻia ke kila i hoʻopiliʻia no kekahi manawa a ua hana pūʻia ke kāʻei Rudes i ka wā e paʻi ai, no laila,ʻaʻole pono e hoʻokomoʻia ke kila mua i hoʻopaʻaʻia ma mua o ke kauʻana. ʻO ka mea ʻē aʻe e hoʻohui i ka alumini a i ʻole ka titanium i ke kila e hana i kahi hui paʻa me ka nitrogen e pale ai i ka ʻelemakule deformation ma muli o ka hoʻokumu ʻana o Kodak air mass.