Nā hiʻohiʻona:
1.Paipu kila kalapona haʻahaʻame ka lauwili olehe kila kalapona me ka nui o ke kalapona ma lalo o 0.25%.Ua kapa ʻia ʻo ia he kila māmā ma muli o kona ikaika haʻahaʻa, haʻahaʻa paʻakikī a palupalu.
2. Ka annealed hale o haʻahaʻa kalapona kila tubing me ka seamless he ferrite a me ka uuku nui o ka pearlite, i haʻahaʻa ikaika a me ka paakiki, a maikai plasticity a me ka toughness.
3. Haʻahaʻa kalapona kila paipu me ka seamless i maikai anu formability a hiki ke anu ma ka crimping, kulou, hehi, etc.
4. Haʻahaʻa kalapona kila tubing me ka seamless i maikai weldability.E maʻalahi e ʻae i nā ʻano hana like ʻole e forging, welding a ʻoki.

Hana wela:
ʻO ka haʻahaʻa carbon steel tubing me ka seamless he ʻano nui i ka ʻelemakule, ka hoʻopau ʻana a me ka ʻelemakule, a me ka deformation a me ka ʻelemakule.Ke hoʻoluʻu ʻia ke kila mai ka wela kiʻekiʻe, ʻoi aku ka supersaturated o ka carbon a me ka nitrogen i ka ferrite, a hiki ke hoʻokumu lohi ʻia ke kalapona a me ka nitrogen i ka hao i ka mahana maʻamau, i hoʻomaikaʻi ʻia ka ikaika a me ka paʻakikī o ke kila, a me ka ductility. a ua emi iho ka oolea.Ua kapa ʻia kēia ʻano he quenching aging.ʻO nā paipu kila kalapona haʻahaʻa me ka seamless e loaʻa ka hopena kahiko inā ʻaʻole i kinai ʻia.ʻO ka deformation o ka haʻahaʻa kalapona kila paipu me ka seamless hua nui helu o dislocations.ʻO nā ʻātoma kalapona a me ka naikokene i loko o ka ferrite e launa pū me nā dislocations, a ʻo nā ʻātoma kalapona a me ka nitrogen e ʻākoakoa a puni nā laina dislocation.ʻO kēia hui pū ʻana o nā ʻātoma kalapona a me ka nitrogen a me nā laina dislocation i kapa ʻia ʻo Cochrane gas mass (Kelly gas mass).Hoʻonui ia i ka ikaika a me ka paʻakikī o ke kila a hoʻemi i ka ductility a me ka paʻakikī.Kapa ʻia kēia ʻano he deformation aging.ʻOi aku ka pōʻino o ka ʻelemakule deformation i ka ductility a me ka paʻakikī o ke kila kalapona haʻahaʻa ma mua o ka hoʻopau ʻana i ka ʻelemakule.Loaʻa nā kiko o luna a me lalo i ka pihi tensile o ke kila kalapona haʻahaʻa.Mai ka ʻaoʻao kiʻekiʻe a hiki i ka hopena o ka hoʻonui ʻana, ua kapa ʻia kahi kāʻei wrinkle ma luna o ka ʻili o ka hāpana ma muli o ka deformation ʻole.Hoʻopau pinepine ʻia nā ʻāpana stamping.ʻElua ala e pale aku ai.ʻO keʻano hoʻololi kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe, ua kauʻia ke kila i hoʻopiliʻia no kekahi manawa a ua hana pūʻia ke kāʻei Rudes i ka wā e paʻi ai, no laila,ʻaʻole pono e hoʻokomoʻia ke kila mua i hoʻopaʻaʻia ma mua o ke kauʻana.ʻO ka mea ʻē aʻe e hoʻohui i ka alumini a i ʻole ka titanium i ke kila e hana i kahi pūhui paʻa me ka nitrogen e pale ai i ka ʻelemakule deformation ma muli o ka hoʻokumu ʻana o Kodak air mass.