Paipu kila ʻole hana ʻia mai ka billet i hana ʻia.ʻO ka mea kanu kila liʻiliʻi, ma muli o ka nele o ka hiki ke hana, ʻaʻole i hana ʻia ke kūʻai ʻana i billet kila iā lākou iho, akā kūʻai aku i ke kila mānoanoa, ma hope o ka huki ʻana o ke anu i ka hale hana i nā manawa he nui, e kiʻi i kahi liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi seamless annealed, a laila i ka hale hana kila maikaʻi no ka hana hou aku.Mahele o ka loko paipu roughness Manufacturers ua hoouna aku i ka kiekie o loko ili o ka paipu kila boring roller, e loaa malamalama i loko o ka ili.Akā i ke kaʻina hana o ka ʻōwili ʻana i ka ʻoluʻolu i kekahi manawa i loaʻa i loko o ka paipu kila me ka liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi.Hiki ke hana ʻia ka ʻili ʻo Alice i ka wā o ka BUE ʻōwili ʻoluʻolu, ʻo ke kila maikaʻi paha ia.

ʻO ka BUE e pili ana i ka ʻōwili ʻoluʻolu, e ʻike ʻia ana ma ka piko o nā ʻāpana liʻiliʻi o ka hoʻopili metala a me ka paʻakikī kiʻekiʻe.I ka wa a ka ili o ka paipu kila olokaʻa boring, mai ka workpiece mea ua paʻi māwae, no laila, i ka chip ma ke alo o ka mea paahana e hoʻohua i ka nui kaomi a me ka friction hoʻohua i ka nui oki wela.I loko o ia ʻano wela a me ke kaomi, ʻo kēlā ʻāpana o ka puʻupuʻu e pili ana me ka mea hana i mua ma muli o ka friction, ua hoʻolohi ʻia ke kahe o ke kahe, e hana ana i kahi "pae noho."Ke hoʻopili ʻia ka mea friction ma mua o ka ikaika hoʻopaʻa ma waena o ka lattice i loko, e hoʻopili ʻia ka "papa paʻa" i kekahi o nā mea i mua ma kahi kokoke i ka piko o ka mea hana e hana i kahi BUE.ʻO BUE inā waiho ʻia ma ka ʻili mīkini, ka hoʻokumu ʻana o nā burr, e hoʻonui ana i ka ʻili o ka ʻili.Hoʻopili ʻia ka ʻili o loko o ka warp a me ka substrate i ke kumu mai ka warped out, ʻaʻole pili nā mea ʻē i ka substrate ma hope o ka extrusion.Pono e hoʻopili ʻia ka BUE i ka ʻili liʻiliʻi e pili ʻole me ka ʻili o loko o ka paipu kila mai ka microstructure matrix o ka nānā.No laila, ʻaʻole pono e hana ʻia ka ʻili o loko o ka ʻili liʻiliʻi ma ka hana ʻana i ka ʻōwili BUE ʻoluʻolu, akā ʻaʻole ka hoʻokumu ʻana i nā mea ʻē.Ke hele nei ka mea i loko o ka lua anu, huki anu, ma hope o kēlā me kēia recrystallization annealing, ma hope o ka annealing manaʻolana e loaʻa i ka like ʻole o ka ferrite maikaʻi a me ka pearlite equiaxed grains.Akā, microscopic laʻana o ka mea mea akaka coarse palaoa, a me ka puunaue i loa uneven a loaʻa locally Wilcoxon, e hōʻike ana i ka mea ma ka wela lapaʻau nui overheating.ʻO nā kīʻaha koʻikoʻi i hana ʻia ma hope o ka wela nui ʻana, ua hoʻopau i ke ʻano o ka palaoa paʻa mua, ma hope o ke kiʻi anu ʻana o ka pearlite a me ka ferrite ua lilo i banded pearlite a me ka ferrite maʻalahi stratification.Ma hope o ka hoʻoluhi ʻana i ka ʻōwili kila, ʻo ka mea hana i ka mea hana me ka ikaika kaomi nui, a laila hiki ke hoʻopaʻa ʻia ka paipu.ʻIke loa i ka overheating i ka mālama wela, ʻo ia ke kumu nui o ka warping generation.

Ma muli o ke kumu nui o ka warping i hana ʻia i ka wā o ka mālama ʻana i ke kila overheating, pono ia e hoʻomalu i ka mahana annealing ma o ka hoʻomalu ʻana i ka mahana annealing ma hope o ke kila i huki ʻia e hana ai e loaʻa ai ka ferrite equiaxed maikaʻi a me ka pearlite.Hoʻohui ʻia nā ʻano huaʻai maikaʻi e hoʻomaʻamaʻa i ka palaoa, i maikaʻi ai ka ikaika a me ka paʻakikī o ke kila.

Manufacturers o anu-kauo kila paipu i mea e hoola koina, pinepine hoemi i ka helu o ke kaha kiʻi, a me kēlā me kēia manawa i ka palena iki anawaena e like me ka paipu ua huki ia, no laila, e hiki ke kumu excessive huki ma luna o ke kila paipu hiki ke ku i ka maximum, a mahuahua i loko stresses. paipu, paipu kila ma lalo o ka mana o waho e nā hemahema extrusion e like me nā māwae maʻalahi.No laila, pono loa ka mālama ʻana i ka wela i ka wā e hoʻomalu ana i kēlā me kēia kaha kiʻi ʻana i ka palena kila.