Pilipi kila paipu anu, wela olokaʻi paipu defects, e like me nā māwae a spiral kila kiʻekiʻe-precision anuanu huki paipu ma hope o ka pahu, i loko o ka papa o ka haʻihaʻi, aneane ʻaʻohe plastik deformation hiki mai, he brittle fracture. ʻO ka haʻihaʻi haʻihaʻi ma muli o nā kumu like ʻole. E like me: ka precipitate ma nā palena palaoa, me ka nānā ʻole i ko lākou ikaika ʻoi aku ka ikaika a i ʻole ka nāwaliwali ma mua o ka ikaika matrix, nā kumu āpau o nā māwae. ʻO ka hoʻokomo ʻana i ka palena o ka palaoa ke kumu o ka pilikia. Eia kekahi, ma kahi mamao loa ma lalo o ka palena o ka hoʻouka ʻana, hiki ke alakaʻi i ka haʻihaʻi luhi.

ʻO ka haʻihaʻi haʻahaʻa ma ke koʻikoʻi haʻahaʻa e loaʻa ana nā mea metala ikaika i ka wā o ka hui mamao loa mai ka homogeneous, isotropic mea. E loaʻa i ka hui nā māwae, e like me nā inclusions, porosity defects, hiki ke ʻike ʻia kēia mau hemahema i nā mea microcracks. Eia hou, ka brittle fracture pili i ka wela hoʻohana. Ua ʻike ka poʻe ma o ka noiʻi ʻana i ka wā e hāʻule ai ka mahana ma lalo o kahi mahana, e hoʻololi ʻia ka mea i loko o nā kūlana brittle, e hōʻemi ana i kāna hana absorption hopena, kahi mea i kapa ʻia ʻo brittle.