ʻO ka paipu hāʻawe kekahi ʻanopaipu kila ʻolee ka wela wela a i ʻole ke anuanu ( huki ʻia i ke anuanu ), hoʻohana ʻia no ka hana ʻana i nā apo bearing maʻamau.ʻO ke anawaena o waho o ka paipu he 25-180 mm a me ka mānoanoa o ka pā o 3.5-20 mm.Hoʻohana ʻia ke kila ʻauamo no ka hana ʻana i ka pōpō, ka ʻōwili a me nā apo apo kila.Ke hana nei nā bearings ma lalo o ke kaomi nui a me ka friction, pono ia i kahi kiʻekiʻe a me ka paʻa paʻa kila a me ke kūpaʻa ʻana, a me kahi palena elastic kiʻekiʻe.ʻO ka lawe ʻana i ke kila kila hoʻohui like like, non-metallic inclusion content a me ka hāʻawi ʻana, ka hāʻawi ʻana i nā carbide a me nā koi ʻē aʻe he koi koʻikoʻi loa ia o nā hana kila a pau i kekahi o nā māka kila koi loa.

ʻO ka lawe ʻana i ke kila i kahi kiʻekiʻe o ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana i nā koi, ʻo ia hoʻi, a koi ikaika i ka mana o ka sulfur, phosphorus, hydrogen maʻiʻo, a me nā non-metallic inclusions a me nā carbide o ka helu, ka nui a me ka hāʻawi ʻana, nā mea hoʻohui ʻole a me nā carbide e like me ka helu, ka nui a me ka nui. puunaue lawelawe ola o ka lawe kila nui mana, pinepine hali hāʻule i loko o ka nui carbide inclusions a micro-mawae hanaia a puni ka hoonui i.ʻO nā mea hoʻokomo a me ka oxygen i loko o ke kila e pili kokoke ana i ka nui o ka oxygen kiʻekiʻe,ʻo ka nui o ka helu o ka hoʻokomoʻana,ʻoi aku ka pōkole o ke ola.A ʻo ka carbide inclusions nui ʻāpana nui, ʻoi aku ka like ʻole o ka hāʻawi ʻana, ʻoi aku ka pōkole o ka lawelawe ʻana, a me ko lākou nui, ka hāʻawi ʻana a me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ke kaʻina hoʻoheheʻe ʻana a me ka maikaʻi o ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana e pili pono ana i kēia manawa e lawe ana i ka hana kila a me ke kaʻina hana nui ka hoʻomau. ka hoʻolei ʻana i ke kaʻina hoʻoheheʻe EAF + ESR, a me kahi liʻiliʻi o ka vacuum induction vacuum arc double vacuum a i ʻole + hoʻohana pinepine ʻia a me nā ʻenehana ʻē aʻe e hoʻomaikaʻi ai i ka maikaʻi o ka lawe kila.

No ka mea he lōʻihi ke ola o ka bearing, precision kiʻekiʻe, wela haʻahaʻa, wikiwiki kiʻekiʻe, rigidity kiʻekiʻe, haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa, kiʻekiʻe ʻaʻahu kūpaʻa a me nā ʻano ʻē aʻe, no laila e koi ai i ka paipu bearing e loaʻa: paʻakikī kiʻekiʻe, paʻakikī like ʻole, palena elastic kiʻekiʻe, kiʻekiʻe pili i ka ikaika luhi, pono ka paakiki, pono ka paakiki ma ka lewa corrosion resistance o ka lubricant.No ka hoʻokō ʻana i kēia mau koi hana, ʻo ka hui kemika o nā hui kila homogeneity, non-metallic inclusion content a me ke ʻano, ka nui a me ka hāʻawi ʻana i nā carbide, decarburization koi.ʻO ke kila holoʻokoʻa i ke kūlana kiʻekiʻe, ka hana kiʻekiʻe a me ka kuhikuhi ʻana i nā ʻano like ʻole.Lawe ʻia ke kila e like me nā hiʻohiʻona a me nā kaiapuni noi i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia i: high carbon chromium bearing steel, carburizing bearing steel, high temperature bearing steel, stainless steel and special bearing special bearing materials.No ka hoʻokōʻana i ka wela kiʻekiʻe, ka wikiwiki, ka ukana kiʻekiʻe, ka corrosion, nā koi anti-radiation, pono e hoʻomohala i kahi hana kūikawā o ke kila halihali hou.I mea e hōʻemi ai i ka ʻike oxygen o ka lawe ʻana i ke kila, ka hoʻomohala ʻana o ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana i ka ʻenekini, ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana o ka electroslag, ka ʻenehana hoʻoheheʻe ʻana i ka uila uila.ʻO ka nui o ka lawe ʻana i ke kila i hoʻoheheʻe ʻia e ke arc melting, e hoʻomohala i nā ʻano ʻano like ʻole o ka umu ahi hoʻoheheʻe Kanada.